A railway wheel in which formation of a quenched layer can be suppressed in the production process is provided. The railway wheel according to the present embodiment has a chemical composition consisting of, in mass %, C: 0.80 to 1.15%, Si: 1.00% or less, Mn: 0.10 to 1.20%, P: 0.050% or less, S: 0.030% or less, Al: 0.005 to 0.190%, N: 0.0200% or less, Nb: 0.005 to 0.050%, Cr: 0 to 0.25%, and V: 0 to 0.12%, with the balance being Fe and impurities. In the microstructure of a rim part of the railway wheel, an area fraction of pro-eutectoid cementite is 0.1 to 1.5% and an area fraction of pearlite is 95.0% or more.

A method for manufacturing a cold-forged extruded aluminum alloy rod includes the steps of: (A) preparing a primary material and a cold extrusion apparatus including a cold extrusion die and a cold extrusion punch corresponding in position to the cold extrusion die; (B) processing the primary material to form a solid preform; (C) subjecting the preform to a homogeneous annealing; (D) testing the hardness of the preform; (E) immersing the preform in a tank containing a lubricant for a predetermined time, (F) applying talcum powder on the preform; and (C) subjecting the preform to cold forging to thereby forming the cold-forged extruded aluminum alloy rod.

The present invention refers to a method for repairing a component, in particular a component of an internal combustion engine, by heat treating, in particular tempering. The method comprises a step of obtaining a material specific reference parameter which has been determined based on at least one reference test carried out on a reference sample made of the same material as the component to be heat treated, wherein the reference parameter is indicative of a desired heat treating effect on the material of the component to be heat treated; a step of determining at least one of a heating temperature and heating duration in dependence on the obtained reference parameter; and a step of heat treating the component in accordance with at least one of the determined heating temperature and determined heating duration.

The present invention refers to a method for repairing a component, in particular a component of an internal combustion engine, by heat treating, in particular tempering. The method comprises a step of obtaining a material specific reference parameter which has been determined based on at least one reference test carried out on a reference sample made of the same material as the component to be heat treated, wherein the reference parameter is indicative of a desired heat treating effect on the material of the component to be heat treated; a step of determining at least one of a heating temperature and heating duration in dependence on the obtained reference parameter; and a step of heat treating the component in accordance with at least one of the determined heating temperature and determined heating duration.

A method for manufacturing a cold-forged, extruded aluminum alloy tube includes the steps of: providing a primary material having a hollow columnar shape and made of an aluminum alloy material, and a first cold extrusion apparatus; processing the primary material to form a preform; subjecting the preform to a homogeneous annealing by heating to a temperature of about 410 C. to 510 C. and then cooling to a temperature of about 160 C. to 200 C.; testing the hardness of the preform; immersing the preform in a tank containing lubricant having a free total acidity concentration of 40 to 50 mg/L at a working temperature of 80 C. to 100 C.; and subjecting the preform to cold extrusion.

A steel alloy composition is disclosed. The steel alloy composition may comprise 0.36% to 0.60% by weight carbon, 0.30% to 0.70% by weight manganese, between 0.001% to 0.017% by weight phosphorus, 0.15% to 0.60% by weight silicon, and 1.40% to 2.25% by weight nickel. The steel alloy composition may further comprise 0.85% to 1.60% by weight chromium, 0.70% to 1.10% by weight molybdenum, 0.010% to 0.030% by weight aluminum, 0.001% to 0.050% by weight zirconium, and a balance of iron.

A method for manufacturing a cold-forged, extruded aluminum alloy tube includes the steps of: providing a primary material having a hollow columnar shape and made of an aluminum alloy material, and a first cold extrusion apparatus; processing the primary material to form a preform; subjecting the preform to a homogeneous annealing by heating to a temperature of about 410 C. to 510 C. and then cooling to a temperature of about 160 C. to 200 C.; testing the hardness of the preform; immersing the preform in a tank containing lubricant having a total acidity concentration of 40 to 50 mg/L at a working temperature of 80 C. to 100 C.; and subjecting the preform to cold extrusion.

A method for manufacturing a cold-forged, extruded aluminum alloy tube includes the steps of: providing a primary material having a hollow columnar shape and made of an aluminum alloy material, and a first cold extrusion apparatus; processing the primary material to form a preform; subjecting the preform to a homogeneous annealing by heating to a temperature of about 410 C. to 510 C. and then cooling to a temperature of about 160 C. to 200 C.; testing the hardness of the preform; immersing the preform in a tank containing lubricant having a total acidity concentration of 40 to 50 mg/L at a working temperature of 80 C. to 100 C.; and subjecting the preform to cold extrusion.

An air vent includes air-conveying surfaces in a housing arranged to guide separate first and second volumetric flows of air through the housing from an inlet end to a discharge end via respective first and second air channels. The air channels are arranged so that the first and second volumetric flows of air exit an air discharge opening in intersecting directions and collide after exiting the housing. The air vent includes an air flow adjustment element that is movable to change a ratio of the first volumetric flow to the second volumetric flow.

A system and apparatus for conducting a modified Jominy end-quench test of a metal composition having an Austenitizing temperature and a critical cooling rate may comprise a bar, comprising the metal composition, said bar having a hemispherical tip and a bar length. The system may also comprise a bar receptacle. The system may also comprise a quenchant. Additionally, the system may also comprise a quenchant discharge apparatus as a quenchant nozzle. In the system a portion of the hemispherical tip of the bar passes through a portion of the bar receptacle, exposing it to a quenchant exiting the quenchant nozzle with a gap existing between the quenchant nozzle and the hemispherical tip of the bar. This is useful in characterizing an alloy's hardenability and residual stresses for finite element analysis and part design.