Positive active material pastes for flooded deep discharge lead-acid batteries, methods of making the same and lead-acid batteries including the same are provided. The positive active material paste includes lead oxide, a sulfate additive, and an aqueous acid. The positive active material paste contains from about 0.1 to about 1.0 wt % of the sulfate additive. Batteries using such positive active material pastes exhibit greatly improved performance over batteries with conventional positive active material pastes.

Positive active material pastes for flooded deep discharge lead-acid batteries, methods of making the same and lead-acid batteries including the same are provided. The positive active material paste includes lead oxide, a sulfate additive, and an aqueous acid. The positive active material paste contains from about 0.1 to about 1.0 wt % of the sulfate additive. Batteries using such positive active material pastes exhibit greatly improved performance over batteries with conventional positive active material pastes.

The invention describes the assembly and construction method for anodes used in the electrolytic processes. It is made up of a copper bus bar (1) where the plate shall be inserted (3). It has a rough surface previously milled to form a groove (2), which is, approximately, 0.12 mm thicker than the thickness of the plate; approximately, 19 mm deep. Such copper bus bar (1) is first subject to a process mechanical/chemical or electrochemical process aimed to significantly increase its roughness, between 0.01 mm and 0.5 mm, preferably 0.15 mm, by using mechanical processes, such as sand blasting or grinding, preferably grinding with blasting material made of various metals or using glass balls/copper slag or chemical corrosion by using oxidant chemical agents or anodic electrolytic corrosion aimed to finally improve bonding between the copper bar.

The invention describes the assembly and construction method for anodes used in the electrolytic processes. It is made up of a copper bus bar (1) where the plate shall be inserted (3). It has a rough surface previously milled to form a groove (2), which is, approximately, 0.12 mm thicker than the thickness of the plate; approximately, 19 mm deep. Such copper bus bar (1) is first subject to a process mechanical/chemical or electrochemical process aimed to significantly increase its roughness, between 0.01 mm and 0.5 mm, preferably 0.15 mm, by using mechanical processes, such as sand blasting or grinding, preferably grinding with blasting material made of various metals or using glass balls/copper slag or chemical corrosion by using oxidant chemical agents or anodic electrolytic corrosion aimed to finally improve bonding between the copper bar.

A method of making an apparatus for continuously casting a lead alloy strip includes providing a drum having an aluminum outer circumferential casting surface. The outer circumferential casting surface of the drum is abraded with an angular abrading medium to wear away material from the aluminum outer circumferential casting surface of the drum and to create a coarse, irregular, and non-smooth abraded casting surface configured to reduce the rate of heat transfer and slow cooling of the lead alloy strip cast on the abraded casting surface.

A method of making an apparatus for continuously casting a lead alloy strip includes providing a drum having an aluminum outer circumferential casting surface. The outer circumferential casting surface of the drum is abraded with an angular abrading medium to wear away material from the aluminum outer circumferential casting surface of the drum and to create a coarse, irregular, and non-smooth abraded casting surface configured to reduce the rate of heat transfer and slow cooling of the lead alloy strip cast on the abraded casting surface.

Positive active material pastes for flooded deep discharge lead-acid batteries, methods of making the same and lead-acid batteries including the same are provided. The positive active material paste includes lead oxide, a sulfate additive, and an aqueous acid. The positive active material paste contains from about 0.1 to about 1.0 wt % of the sulfate additive. Batteries using such positive active material pastes exhibit greatly improved performance over batteries with conventional positive active material pastes.

Undercooled liquid metallic core-shell particles, whose core is stable against solidification at ambient conditions, i.e. under near ambient temperature and pressure conditions, are used to join or repair metallic non-particulate components. The undercooled-shell particles in the form of nano-size or micro-size particles comprise an undercooled stable liquid metallic core encapsulated inside an outer shell, which can comprise an oxide or other stabilizer shell typically formed in-situ on the undercooled liquid metallic core. The shell is ruptured to release the liquid phase core material to join or repair a component(s).

Undercooled liquid metallic core-shell particles, whose core is stable against solidification at ambient conditions, i.e. under near ambient temperature and pressure conditions, are used to join or repair metallic non-particulate components. The undercooled-shell particles in the form of nano-size or micro-size particles comprise an undercooled stable liquid metallic core encapsulated inside an outer shell, which can comprise an oxide or other stabilizer shell typically formed in-situ on the undercooled liquid metallic core. The shell is ruptured to release the liquid phase core material to join or repair a component(s).