A method includes providing an electrically conductive mandrel having an outer surface layer comprising a preformed pattern. The metallic article is electroformed. The metallic article includes a plurality of electroformed elements formed in the preformed pattern on the outer surface layer of the mandrel. The plurality of electroformed elements have a first side adjacent to the outer surface layer of the mandrel and a second side. The metallic article is separated from the mandrel. The plurality of electroformed elements are interconnected such that the metallic article forms a unitary, free-standing piece. A solution is applied to create a blackening of the first side of the plurality of electroformed elements.

The preset invention has as its object the provision of a laminate free of hexavalent chromium and excellent in corrosion resistance and wear resistance, and a manufacturing process of the laminate. To solve the above-described problems, a laminate according to the present invention includes a substrate, and a laminated film portion with metal films laminated in two or more layers. The laminate has an interface layer between each two adjacent ones of the metal films. The laminated film portion contains a first metal element as a principal component, the first metal element being at least one element of Ni, Cr, Co, and W, and a second metal element that is a metal element of smaller cohesive energy than that of the first metal element. The second metal element contained in the interface layer is at a content ratio higher than that of the second metal element contained in each of the adjacent metal films.

The preset invention has as its object the provision of a laminate free of hexavalent chromium and excellent in corrosion resistance and wear resistance, and a manufacturing process of the laminate. To solve the above-described problems, a laminate according to the present invention includes a substrate, and a laminated film portion with metal films laminated in two or more layers. The laminate has an interface layer between each two adjacent ones of the metal films. The laminated film portion contains a first metal element as a principal component, the first metal element being at least one element of Ni, Cr, Co, and W, and a second metal element that is a metal element of smaller cohesive energy than that of the first metal element. The second metal element contained in the interface layer is at a content ratio higher than that of the second metal element contained in each of the adjacent metal films.

The present invention provides a surface treatment liquid for metal having a sufficiently high film-forming property. The present invention relates to a surface treatment liquid for metal comprising an azole silane coupling agent, the surface treatment liquid further comprises (A) an organic acid ion having one to three acidic groups in one molecule; (B) an inorganic acid (or mineral acid) ion; (C) an alkali metal ion and/or an ammonium ion; and (D) a copper ion.

The present invention provides a surface treatment liquid for metal having a sufficiently high film-forming property. The present invention relates to a surface treatment liquid for metal comprising an azole silane coupling agent, the surface treatment liquid further comprises (A) an organic acid ion having one to three acidic groups in one molecule; (B) an inorganic acid (or mineral acid) ion; (C) an alkali metal ion and/or an ammonium ion; and (D) a copper ion.

A microetching agent is an acidic aqueous solution containing an organic acid, cupric ions, and halide ions. The molar concentration of halide ion of the microetching agent is 0.005 to 0.1 mol/L. By bringing the microetching agent into contact with a copper surface, the copper surface is roughened. An average etching amount in the depth direction during roughening is preferably 0.4 μm or less. The microetching agent can impart on copper surfaces a roughened shape having excellent adhesiveness to resins and the like, even with a low etching amount.

A microetching agent is an acidic aqueous solution containing an organic acid, cupric ions, and halide ions. The molar concentration of halide ion of the microetching agent is 0.005 to 0.1 mol/L. By bringing the microetching agent into contact with a copper surface, the copper surface is roughened. An average etching amount in the depth direction during roughening is preferably 0.4 μm or less. The microetching agent can impart on copper surfaces a roughened shape having excellent adhesiveness to resins and the like, even with a low etching amount.

There is provided is a black metal fastener member that can be manufactured at low cost. A fastener member comprises a base material made of a copper alloy containing zinc at a concentration of 30% by mass or more and 43% by mass or less, and a black copper oxide coating covering at least a part of the base material.

There is provided is a black metal fastener member that can be manufactured at low cost. A fastener member comprises a base material made of a copper alloy containing zinc at a concentration of 30% by mass or more and 43% by mass or less, and a black copper oxide coating covering at least a part of the base material.

A surface treatment agent including a compound (P) represented by R.sup.1—P(═O) (OR.sup.2) (OR.sup.3) in which R.sup.1 is an alkyl group, an alkoxy group, a fluorinated alkyl group, or an aromatic hydrocarbon group which may have a substituent, and R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 are each independently a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, a fluorinated alkyl group, or an aromatic hydrocarbon group which may have a substituent; a compound (S) represented by R—SH . . . in which R is an alkyl group having 3 or more carbon atoms, a fluorinated alkyl group having 3 or more carbon atoms, or an aromatic hydrocarbon group which may have a substituent; and a solvent.