An ammonia production method is a method of producing ammonia from nitrogen molecule using electron supplied from a power supply in the presence of a complex and a proton source. The complex used is, for example, a molybdenum complex (1) that is carried on Merrifield resin. The proton source used is an electrolyte membrane, a solution used in a cathode tank, or both the electrolyte membrane and the solution used in the cathode tank:

##STR00001##

An ammonia production method is a method of producing ammonia from nitrogen molecule using electron supplied from a power supply in the presence of a complex and a proton source. The complex used is, for example, a molybdenum complex (1) that is carried on Merrifield resin. The proton source used is an electrolyte membrane, a solution used in a cathode tank, or both the electrolyte membrane and the solution used in the cathode tank:

##STR00001##

A method for controllably making catalysts with at least one metallic surface state, that includes: a) identifying all the topological insulators in the ICSD, b) calculating the Real Space Invariants of the valence bands for all these topological insulators in order to c) identify in all these topological insulators the Wyckoff Positions where the irreducible Wannier Charge Centers (WCCs) are localized, and then d) selecting as potentially catalytic active compound a topological insulator in which the position of WCCs is not occupied by any atom; e) synthesizing a crystal of the selected potentially catalytic active compound either so that it is grown in a predefined crystallographic direction (characterized by its Miller indices (h,k,l)) which exposes the metallic surface state; or cutting the crystal in a predefined crystallographic direction (characterized by its Miller indices (h,k,l)), so that the metallic surface state is exposed when

[00001]$\left(\left(\{\begin{array}{c}\left(h,k,l\right).Math.\left(x-X_j,y-Y_j,z-Z_j\right)=0,\\ \left(h,k,l\right).Math.\left(x-x_i,y-y_i,z-z_i\right)\ne 0,\\ h,k,lϵZ\end{array}\right)\right)$

An electrolysis apparatus for producing ammonia, the apparatus comprising: a cathode; an anode; an electrolyte; a current source; a supply for nitrogen; and a supply for an acid, wherein the acid comprises at least one acid selected from the group consisting of: HCl, HBr, and HI.

An electrolysis apparatus for producing ammonia, the apparatus comprising: a cathode; an anode; an electrolyte; a current source; a supply for nitrogen; and a supply for an acid, wherein the acid comprises at least one acid selected from the group consisting of: HCl, HBr, and HI.

A hydrogen ammonia producing device is configured to produce hydrogen and/or ammonia. The hydrogen ammonia producing device includes an electrochemical cell including an electrode assembly and an electrolyte solution. The electrode assembly has a cathode, a separator and an anode that are sequentially stacked with each other. The anode is in contact with urea. The electrolyte solution is an alkaline aqueous solution. At least one of the anode or the cathode is in contact with the electrolyte solution. The separator is an ion exchange membrane.

A hydrogen ammonia producing device is configured to produce hydrogen and/or ammonia. The hydrogen ammonia producing device includes an electrochemical cell including an electrode assembly and an electrolyte solution. The electrode assembly has a cathode, a separator and an anode that are sequentially stacked with each other. The anode is in contact with urea. The electrolyte solution is an alkaline aqueous solution. At least one of the anode or the cathode is in contact with the electrolyte solution. The separator is an ion exchange membrane.

Two-dimensional (2D) high-entropy transition metal dichalcogenide (TMDC) alloy compositions, methods of synthesizing the TMDC alloys, physical/chemical properties of the TMDC alloys, and uses of the TMDC alloys as catalysts in electrochemical reactions are disclosed.

An iron-containing Chevrel phase material, contains iron and Mo.sub.6S.sub.8 clusters, in particular an iron-containing Chevrel phase material having a formula Fe.sub.xMo.sub.6S.sub.8, wherein 2≤x≤4. The iron-containing Chevrel phase provides an efficient catalyst for the electrochemical production of ammonia from water and nitrogen gas.

An iron-containing Chevrel phase material, contains iron and Mo.sub.6S.sub.8 clusters, in particular an iron-containing Chevrel phase material having a formula Fe.sub.xMo.sub.6S.sub.8, wherein 2≤x≤4. The iron-containing Chevrel phase provides an efficient catalyst for the electrochemical production of ammonia from water and nitrogen gas.