A graphene nanosheet and a manufacturing method therefor and, more particularly, to a water-dispersible graphene nanosheet and a manufacturing method therefor. The water-dispersible graphene nanosheet of the present invention is characterized in that at least a part of the end portion of a basal plane is sulfated.

A durable composite diamond electrode is disclosed which comprise at least a relatively thicker conductive UNCD (Ultrananocrystalline Diamond) layer, with low deposition cost, on a substrate underlying a relatively thinner conductive MCD (Microcrystalline Diamond) layer. The electrode exhibits long life and superior delamination resistance under extremely stressed electrochemical oxidation conditions. It is hypothesized that this improvement in electrode reliability is due to a combination of stress relief by the composite film with the slightly softer underlying UNCD root layer and the electrochemically durable overlying MCD shield layer, an effective disruption mechanism of the fracture propagation between the compositing layers, and thermal expansion coefficient match between the diamond layers and the substrate. The diamond composite electrode can be applied to any electrochemical application requiring extreme voltages/current densities, extreme reliability or biomedical inertness such as electrochemical systems to generate ozone, hydroxyl radicals, or biomedical electrode applications.

A treatment device 1 includes: a treatment tank 2; an electrolytic cell 6 including diamond electrodes continuous from a pipe 4 including a circulation pump 5; and a pipe 7 supplying from the electrolytic cell 6 to the treatment tank 2. The treatment tank 2 and the electrolytic cell 6 are filled with sulfuric acid having a predetermined concentration; current is applied to the electrolytic cell 6 to electrolyze the sulfuric acid and a persulfuric acid solution S is generated by electrolyzing the sulfuric acid; and the persulfuric acid solution S is supplied to the treatment tank 2 through the pipe 7. Besides, inside the treatment tank 2, a polypropylene resin board 8 which is a treatment target is vertically suspended in a state of being fixed to a fixture 8A, and the polypropylene resin board 8 is treated by the persulfuric acid solution S.

An oral care implement having conductive protrusions. In one embodiment, the oral care implement includes a handle and a head coupled to the handle. Furthermore, the oral care implement includes a power source. A plurality of conductive protrusions may be electrically coupled to the power source. The plurality of conductive protrusions may include a base proximate the head and a distal end spaced from the head. Furthermore, at least one of the conductive protrusions may taper from the base to the distal end.

An oral care implement having conductive protrusions. In one embodiment, the oral care implement includes a handle and a head coupled to the handle. Furthermore, the oral care implement includes a power source. A plurality of conductive protrusions may be electrically coupled to the power source. The plurality of conductive protrusions may include a base proximate the head and a distal end spaced from the head. Furthermore, at least one of the conductive protrusions may taper from the base to the distal end.

Systems and methods for the recovery of noble metal from noble-metal-containing material are generally described. Certain embodiments related to systems and methods in which an electric current is transported between an electrode and the noble metal of a noble-metal-containing material to dissolve at least a portion of the noble metal from the noble-metal-containing material. The dissolved noble metal can subsequently be precipitated out of solution and recovered, according to certain embodiments. Noble metals can be recovered from any suitable noble-metal-containing material, including plated and/or filled scrap materials and/or other materials.

A method of producing ammonium persulfate by electrolyzing ammonium sulfate is characterized in that an ammonium sulfate aqueous solution is supplied as an anode-side feedstock, a solution containing less than 1.0 mol of acid-derived acid dissociable hydrogen ions per 1.0 mol of amount of charge transfer is supplied as a cathode-side feedstock, and electrolysis is performed to produce ammonium persulfate on the anode side and at least ammonia on the cathode side. Since ammonium sulfate not dependent upon the ammonium sulfate produced within the system can be used as a main feedstock, the method is industrially advantageous and, further, because of an electrolytic method, the method enables the coproduction not only of ammonium persulfate but also of valuable materials such as ammonia and hydrogen and, furthermore, enables the production of ammonium persulfate at a high current efficiency.

A product container is provided. The product container includes a first product and an electrochemistry device configured to convert a portion of the first product into a second product, which is an unstable formulation.

This invention relates to a resource-recycling type method and apparatus for treating industrial wastewater using an oxidizing agent produced from wastewater, wherein, in the treatment of industrial wastewater containing nitrogen compounds and refractory COD-causing pollutants, an oxidizing agent is autonomously produced using ammonia gas stripped from wastewater and is then added back to the wastewater, thus economically treating the wastewater without the need to purchase an expensive oxidizing agent. This wastewater treatment method, suitable for use in decreasing amounts of nitrogen pollutants (T-N), including ethanolamine compounds and ammonia nitrogen (NH.sub.3N), and refractory COD-causing pollutants in industrial wastewater, includes: stripping ammonia from raw wastewater, producing an oxidizing agent via addition of sulfuric acid to the stripped ammonia, electrolysis and addition of sodium hydroxide, and performing chemical treatment by adding the produced oxidizing agent back to the raw wastewater from which ammonia was stripped, thus removing the nitrogen pollutants (T-N) and the refractory COD-causing pollutants, and the apparatus used to perform the wastewater treatment method is also provided.

Provided is a Cr-free plastic surface treatment method which can provide a plating film sufficiently adhered to a plastic surface. The plastic surface treatment method includes treating plastic with a solution obtained by electrolyzing sulfuric acid. It is preferable that the sulfuric acid concentration of the sulfuric acid solution is 50 to 92 wt %, the persulfuric acid concentration is not less than 3 g/L, and the treatment temperature is not lower than 80 C., for example, 80 to 140 C., particularly 100 to 130 C. By immersing plastic in this sulfuric acid solution for 1 minute to 10 minutes, hydrophilic functional groups are exposed on the surface of the plastic.