Methods and systems directed to recovery of lithium (e.g., lithium salts) from liquid streams are provided. In some embodiments, methods relate to obtaining lithium (e.g., as a solid lithium salt) by removing at least a portion of liquid from a feed stream to form a concentrated stream with respect to solubilized lithium cations. Liquid removal may include transporting at least a portion of the feed stream to an osmotic unit and/or a humidifier. Some methods include removing impurities (e.g., non-lithium cations) from the concentrated stream (e.g., via precipitation and/or crystallization). In some embodiments, solutions containing solubilized lithium cations and anions are electrochemically-treated such that first solubilized anions are replaced with second, different anions. In some embodiments, solid lithium salt containing at least a portion of the lithium cations and the second anions is obtained (e.g., via precipitation and/or crystallization following concentration of the electrochemically-treated solution in a humidifier).

Methods and systems directed to recovery of lithium (e.g., lithium salts) from liquid streams are provided. In some embodiments, methods relate to obtaining lithium (e.g., as a solid lithium salt) by removing at least a portion of liquid from a feed stream to form a concentrated stream with respect to solubilized lithium cations. Liquid removal may include transporting at least a portion of the feed stream to an osmotic unit and/or a humidifier. Some methods include removing impurities (e.g., non-lithium cations) from the concentrated stream (e.g., via precipitation and/or crystallization). In some embodiments, solutions containing solubilized lithium cations and anions are electrochemically-treated such that first solubilized anions are replaced with second, different anions. In some embodiments, solid lithium salt containing at least a portion of the lithium cations and the second anions is obtained (e.g., via precipitation and/or crystallization following concentration of the electrochemically-treated solution in a humidifier).

A process for battery chemical production, where a sodium sulfate stream is treated with an ion exchange process to provide potassium sulfate and sodium chloride. The sodium chloride may be treated with a chlor-alkali to produce sodium hydroxide for use upstream in the battery chemical production process.

A hydromagnetic desalination cell including at least one hollow rectangular flow conduit, a first rectangular magnet and a second rectangular magnet each having a north pole face and a south pole face opposite of each other, wherein the first and second rectangular magnets are disposed along a longitudinal axis and on opposite sides of the rectangular flow conduit, a first opening and a second opening on opposite walls of the rectangular flow conduit extending between the first and second rectangular magnets, and a first and second chamber fluidly connected to the first and second openings. A hydromagnetic desalination system and methods of desalinating brine water with the hydromagnetic desalination system are also disclosed.

A hydromagnetic desalination cell including at least one hollow rectangular flow conduit, a first rectangular magnet and a second rectangular magnet each having a north pole face and a south pole face opposite of each other, wherein the first and second rectangular magnets are disposed along a longitudinal axis and on opposite sides of the rectangular flow conduit, a first opening and a second opening on opposite walls of the rectangular flow conduit extending between the first and second rectangular magnets, and a first and second chamber fluidly connected to the first and second openings. A hydromagnetic desalination system and methods of desalinating brine water with the hydromagnetic desalination system are also disclosed.

A device (10) for trapping and killing marine organisms (14) such as animal plankton, salmon lice and other parasites, comprises a body (12; 12′) configured for submersion in water (15). The body (12; 12′) comprises at least one light source (16) configured and controlled for attracting said marine organisms, and an internal cavity (20) having an opening (20′) for fluid communication with at least a portion of the water. The light sources (16) are arranged inside the cavity (20) and arranged and controlled to emit light waves through said opening and into at least a portion of the water. At least one positive electrode (24; 24′; 24″; 32) is arranged in the cavity and electrically connected to a low-voltage power source (26; 27; 30), and at least one negative electrode (15a) is arranged in the water and electrically connected to said power source (26; 27; 30). The invented device generates, by means of electrolysis with the water (15), chlorine gas (21) at or in a region near the at least one positive electrode, and the chlorine gas (21) reacts with water inside the cavity to form hypochloric acid and hydrochloric acid (31).

Solution production devices, systems, and methods. The system includes a base portion configured to receive a vessel containing a liquid. Upon the base portion receiving the vessel, liquid is transferred from the vessel and into the base portion where it undergoes an electrochemical reaction to produce a cleaning solution. The cleaning solution is then circulated back into the vessel.

Disclosed herein is an improved method of brine water treatment including the removal of calcium and/or magnesium-based hardness utilizing CO.sub.2 mineralization resulting in permanent sequestration of the CO.sub.2 via stable precipitates in conjunction with hydrogen and chlorine production from the electrolysis of brine water.

Disclosed herein is an improved method of brine water treatment including the removal of calcium and/or magnesium-based hardness utilizing CO.sub.2 mineralization resulting in permanent sequestration of the CO.sub.2 via stable precipitates in conjunction with hydrogen and chlorine production from the electrolysis of brine water.

Provided are an anode for electrolysis, which includes a metal base, and a catalyst layer disposed on at least one surface of the metal base, wherein the catalyst layer includes a composite metal oxide of ruthenium, iridium, titanium, and platinum, and a metal in the composite metal oxide does not include palladium, wherein, when the catalyst layer is equally divided into a plurality of pixels, a standard deviation of iridium compositions of the plurality of equally divided pixels is 0.40 or less, and a method of preparing the same.