An electrode for electrolytic fluorination contains nickel as a base material with a fluorine content<1,000 ppm. Preferably, in at least a surface portion thereof, the nickel content>99 mass %, the iron content≤400 ppm, the copper content<250 ppm, and the manganese content<1,000 ppm. A method for producing an electrode includes arranging a nickel base material electrode in a nickel plating bath as a cathode, and applying nickel plating to the nickel base material electrode by electrolytic nickel plating, the method including (1) using, as an anode, a nickel component deposited on a cathode, or a nickel component that has settled in a molten salt, in a process of producing nitrogen trifluoride by molten salt electrolysis using a nickel base material anode, or the nickel base material anode; or (2) using, as the cathode, the nickel base material anode.

This invention relates to a process for the electrochemical synthesis of green urea, and the urea produced thereby. The electrochemical synthesis of urea involves the reduction of dual purging gases N.sub.2 and CO.sub.2 via six electron transfer process (N.sub.2+CO.sub.2+6H.sup.++6e.sup.−.fwdarw.CO (NH.sub.2).sub.2+H.sub.2O) & reduction of the NO.sub.3.sup.− ions and CO.sub.2 via sixteen electron transfer process (2NO.sub.3.sup.−+CO.sub.2+18H.sup.++16e.sup.−.fwdarw.CO(NH.sub.2).sub.2+7H.sub.2O) under ambient condition using copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) catalyst. The binding of two intermediate products during dual reduction simultaneously, leads to the production of urea in water medium under ambient conditions.

This invention relates to a process for the electrochemical synthesis of green urea, and the urea produced thereby. The electrochemical synthesis of urea involves the reduction of dual purging gases N.sub.2 and CO.sub.2 via six electron transfer process (N.sub.2+CO.sub.2+6H.sup.++6e.sup.−.fwdarw.CO (NH.sub.2).sub.2+H.sub.2O) & reduction of the NO.sub.3.sup.− ions and CO.sub.2 via sixteen electron transfer process (2NO.sub.3.sup.−+CO.sub.2+18H.sup.++16e.sup.−.fwdarw.CO(NH.sub.2).sub.2+7H.sub.2O) under ambient condition using copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) catalyst. The binding of two intermediate products during dual reduction simultaneously, leads to the production of urea in water medium under ambient conditions.

An electrolytic cell includes a liquid metal cathode, an anode, and a molten salt electrolyte in contact with the liquid metal cathode and the anode. The molten salt electrolyte includes carbonate ions, and the electrolytic cell is configured to reduce the carbonate ions at the surface of the cathode or in the vicinity of the cathode to yield a carbon material and oxide ions. Producing a carbon material in the electrolytic cell includes providing carbonate ions to the electrolytic cell, reducing the carbonate ions at the liquid metal cathode to yield the carbon material, and removing the carbon material from the electrolytic cell.

A plate structure, such as a plate electrode, comprising two outer layers and an intermediate layer. Both outer layers are provided with a pattern of recesses, such as hexagonal or circular recesses. The recesses on one outer layer are offset with respect to the recesses in the other outer layer. The intermediate layer comprises through-holes, each through-hole connecting a recess at one outer layer with a partially overlapping recess at the opposite outer layer.

A plate structure, such as a plate electrode, comprising two outer layers and an intermediate layer. Both outer layers are provided with a pattern of recesses, such as hexagonal or circular recesses. The recesses on one outer layer are offset with respect to the recesses in the other outer layer. The intermediate layer comprises through-holes, each through-hole connecting a recess at one outer layer with a partially overlapping recess at the opposite outer layer.

In some aspects, the present disclosure pertains to methods for the electrochemical production of calcium silicate compounds in an electrochemical cell that comprises (a) a Ca-based electrode that comprises calcium metal or an inorganic calcium material, (b) an SiO.sub.x-based electrode that comprises a SiO.sub.x material, where x ranges from 1 to 2, and (c) a liquid electrolyte disposed between the Ca-based electrode and the SiO.sub.x-based electrode. In these methods, the electrochemical cell is operated under conditions such that calcium cations are produced at the Ca-based electrode and one or more calcium silicate (Ca—Si-oxide) compounds are produced at the SiO.sub.x-based electrode. In other aspects, the present disclosure pertains to systems for the electrochemical production of calcium silicate compounds.

In some aspects, the present disclosure pertains to methods for the electrochemical production of calcium silicate compounds in an electrochemical cell that comprises (a) a Ca-based electrode that comprises calcium metal or an inorganic calcium material, (b) an SiO.sub.x-based electrode that comprises a SiO.sub.x material, where x ranges from 1 to 2, and (c) a liquid electrolyte disposed between the Ca-based electrode and the SiO.sub.x-based electrode. In these methods, the electrochemical cell is operated under conditions such that calcium cations are produced at the Ca-based electrode and one or more calcium silicate (Ca—Si-oxide) compounds are produced at the SiO.sub.x-based electrode. In other aspects, the present disclosure pertains to systems for the electrochemical production of calcium silicate compounds.

There is disclosed a process for synthesis of a C2-8 alkane comprising: (a) providing an electrolyte formulation comprising from about 3N to about 6N C2-C5 carboxylic acid and from about 2 M to about 4 M alkali C2-C5 carboxylate, wherein the C2-C5 carboxylate and carboxylic acid have the same carbon alkyl length into a pressure vessel having an electrode cell or stack; (b) adding electrical current to the electrode cell or stack; (c) pressurizing the pressure vessel; and (d) recovering a gas stream from the pressure vessel comprising a C2-8 alkane, CO.sub.2 and H.sub.2. Preferably, the carboxylic acid is acetic acid and the alkane is ethane.

There is disclosed a process for synthesis of a C2-8 alkane comprising: (a) providing an electrolyte formulation comprising from about 3N to about 6N C2-C5 carboxylic acid and from about 2 M to about 4 M alkali C2-C5 carboxylate, wherein the C2-C5 carboxylate and carboxylic acid have the same carbon alkyl length into a pressure vessel having an electrode cell or stack; (b) adding electrical current to the electrode cell or stack; (c) pressurizing the pressure vessel; and (d) recovering a gas stream from the pressure vessel comprising a C2-8 alkane, CO.sub.2 and H.sub.2. Preferably, the carboxylic acid is acetic acid and the alkane is ethane.