A method for making an electrocatalyst containing manganese oxide nanoparticles present on carbon obtained from Albizia procera (MnO.sub.xNPs-C) for electrochemical water oxidation. The method includes a thermal decomposition and forms a product with specific morphological variations, including crystalline structure, elemental composition, and chemical compatibility. The manganese oxide nanoparticles are well dispersed over the carbon. The amount of manganese oxide nanoparticles increases by increasing the amount of precursor. Single-phase formation of the Mn.sub.3O.sub.4, and Mn.sub.3O.sub.4 along with MnO phase occurs at low and high amount of the precursor materials, respectively. The electrocatalyst can be used for the purpose electrolytic water splitting.

A method for making an electrocatalyst containing manganese oxide nanoparticles present on carbon obtained from Albizia procera (MnO.sub.xNPs-C) for electrochemical water oxidation. The method includes a thermal decomposition and forms a product with specific morphological variations, including crystalline structure, elemental composition, and chemical compatibility. The manganese oxide nanoparticles are well dispersed over the carbon. The amount of manganese oxide nanoparticles increases by increasing the amount of precursor. Single-phase formation of the Mn.sub.3O.sub.4, and Mn.sub.3O.sub.4 along with MnO phase occurs at low and high amount of the precursor materials, respectively. The electrocatalyst can be used for the purpose electrolytic water splitting.

An electrolysis electrode and a preparation method therefor, an electrolysis apparatus, and a clothing treatment device. The electrolysis electrode includes a substrate, a transition layer, and an electrode catalytic material layer, and the transition layer is attached to the surface of the substrate, the electrode catalytic material layer is attached to the surface of the transition layer, and the thickness of the transition layer satisfies that: electrons can pass through the transition layer. The transition layer of the electrolysis electrode is relatively thin, so that electrons can pass through the transition layer due to a quantum tunneling effect, and thus the electrocatalytic performance of the electrolysis electrode is basically not affected. Furthermore, the transition layer plays the role of transition connection, and can greatly improve the phenomenon of cracks in the electrode catalytic material layer.

A manganese oxide, a manganese oxide/carbon mixture and a manganese oxide composite electrode material, having high catalytic activity produced at low cost, to be used as an anode catalyst for oxygen evolution in water electrolysis, and their production methods, are provided. A manganese oxide for an oxygen evolution electrode catalyst in water electrolysis is provided, which is a manganese oxide having a metallic valence of higher than 3.0 and at most 4.0, having an average primary particle size of at most 80 nm and an average secondary particle size of at most 25 μm, a manganese oxide/carbon mixture for an oxygen evolution electrode catalyst in water electrolysis, having a proportion of manganese oxide to the total of the manganese oxide and electrically conductive carbon of from 0.5 to 40 wt %, and a manganese oxide composite electrode material which includes an electrically conductive substrate constituted by fibers.

A manganese oxide, a manganese oxide/carbon mixture and a manganese oxide composite electrode material, having high catalytic activity produced at low cost, to be used as an anode catalyst for oxygen evolution in water electrolysis, and their production methods, are provided. A manganese oxide for an oxygen evolution electrode catalyst in water electrolysis is provided, which is a manganese oxide having a metallic valence of higher than 3.0 and at most 4.0, having an average primary particle size of at most 80 nm and an average secondary particle size of at most 25 μm, a manganese oxide/carbon mixture for an oxygen evolution electrode catalyst in water electrolysis, having a proportion of manganese oxide to the total of the manganese oxide and electrically conductive carbon of from 0.5 to 40 wt %, and a manganese oxide composite electrode material which includes an electrically conductive substrate constituted by fibers.

A method for making an electrocatalyst containing manganese oxide nanoparticles present on carbon obtained from Albizia procera (MnO.sub.xNPs-C) for electrochemical water oxidation. The method includes a thermal decomposition and forms a product with specific morphological variations, including crystalline structure, elemental composition, and chemical compatibility. The manganese oxide nanoparticles are well dispersed over the carbon. The amount of manganese oxide nanoparticles increases by increasing the amount of precursor. Single-phase formation of the Mn.sub.3O.sub.4, and Mn.sub.3O.sub.4 along with MnO phase occurs at low and high amount of the precursor materials, respectively. The electrocatalyst can be used for the purpose electrolytic water splitting.

A method of generating oxygen including applying a potential of greater than 0 to 2.0 V to an electrochemical cell that is at least partially submerged in an aqueous solution such that on applying the potential the aqueous solution is oxidized thereby forming oxygen. The electrochemical cell includes an electrocatalyst and a counter electrode. The electrocatalyst includes a nickel foam substrate and a layer of particles of manganese oxide having a formula of Mn.sub.xO.sub.y on a surface of the nickel foam substrate, where x is an integer from 1 to 7, and where y is an integer from 1 to 13. The particles of MnO have a spherical shape with an average diameter of 5-15 nanometers (nm) and are aggregated with an average aggregate size of 500-1,000 nm in the shape of a cauliflower.

A method of generating oxygen including applying a potential of greater than 0 to 2.0 V to an electrochemical cell that is at least partially submerged in an aqueous solution such that on applying the potential the aqueous solution is oxidized thereby forming oxygen. The electrochemical cell includes an electrocatalyst and a counter electrode. The electrocatalyst includes a nickel foam substrate and a layer of particles of manganese oxide having a formula of Mn.sub.xO.sub.y on a surface of the nickel foam substrate, where x is an integer from 1 to 7, and where y is an integer from 1 to 13. The particles of MnO have a spherical shape with an average diameter of 5-15 nanometers (nm) and are aggregated with an average aggregate size of 500-1,000 nm in the shape of a cauliflower.

The following disclosure relates to multi-layered membranes for electrochemical cells. The multi-layered membranes include a first membrane layer, a second membrane layer, and a coating composition positioned between the first membrane layer and the second membrane layer. Wherein the multi-layered membrane comprises a radical scavenger composition or a hydrogen crossover mitigation catalyst within the first membrane layer, the second membrane layer, or a coating composition positioned between the first membrane layer and the second membrane layer.

The following disclosure relates to multi-layered membranes for electrochemical cells. The multi-layered membranes include a first membrane layer, a second membrane layer, and a coating composition positioned between the first membrane layer and the second membrane layer. Wherein the multi-layered membrane comprises a radical scavenger composition or a hydrogen crossover mitigation catalyst within the first membrane layer, the second membrane layer, or a coating composition positioned between the first membrane layer and the second membrane layer.