A process and related electrode composition are disclosed for the electrocatalytic hydrogenation and/or hydrodeoxygenation of biomass-derived bio-oil components by the production of hydrogen atoms on a catalyst surface followed by the reaction of the hydrogen atoms with the organic compounds in bio-oil. The catalyst is a metal supported on a monolithic high surface area material such as activated carbon cloth. Electrocatalytic hydrogenation and/or hydrodeoxygenation stabilizes the bio-oil under mild conditions to reduce coke formation and catalyst deactivation. The process converts oxygen-containing functionalities and unsaturated bonds into chemically reduced forms with an increased hydrogen content. The process is operated at mild conditions, which enables it to be a good means for stabilizing bio-oil to a form that can be stored and transported using metal containers and pipes.

To provide an ion exchange membrane with a catalyst layer, an ion exchange membrane and an electrolytic hydrogenation apparatus, which can lower electrolysis voltage and increase current efficiency at the time of electrolytic hydrogenation of an aromatic compound.

The ion exchange membrane with a catalyst layer of the present invention has an inorganic particle layer containing inorganic particles and a binder, a layer (Sa) containing a first fluorinated polymer having sulfonic acid type functional groups, and a layer (Sb) containing a second fluorinated polymer having sulfonic acid type functional groups, and a catalyst layer, in this order, wherein the ion exchange capacity of the above first fluorinated polymer is lower than the ion exchange capacity of the above second fluorinated polymer.

To provide an ion exchange membrane with a catalyst layer, an ion exchange membrane and an electrolytic hydrogenation apparatus, which can lower electrolysis voltage and increase current efficiency at the time of electrolytic hydrogenation of an aromatic compound.

The ion exchange membrane with a catalyst layer of the present invention has an inorganic particle layer containing inorganic particles and a binder, a layer (Sa) containing a first fluorinated polymer having sulfonic acid type functional groups, and a layer (Sb) containing a second fluorinated polymer having sulfonic acid type functional groups, and a catalyst layer, in this order, wherein the ion exchange capacity of the above first fluorinated polymer is lower than the ion exchange capacity of the above second fluorinated polymer.

Processes are described for the direct or indirect electrochemical alkaliation of an alkali metal deficient electrochemically active material. The processes include an electrolysis step either during the alkaliation of the alkali metal deficient electrochemically active material on an electrode current collector (direct) or during the regeneration of a reducing agent used for the alkaliation of the electrochemically active material (indirect).

Provided are an ion exchange membrane that has excellent mechanical strength as well as can exhibit an excellent proton conductivity over a long period, a membrane electrode assembly, a fuel cell, a redox flow secondary battery, a water electrolyzer, and an electrolyzer for organic hydride synthesis.

An ion exchange membrane containing:

an electrolyte containing a perfluorocarbon sulfonic acid polymer; and

glass fiber having a SiO.sub.2 content of 99.9% by mass or more.

Provided are an ion exchange membrane that has excellent mechanical strength as well as can exhibit an excellent proton conductivity over a long period, a membrane electrode assembly, a fuel cell, a redox flow secondary battery, a water electrolyzer, and an electrolyzer for organic hydride synthesis.

An ion exchange membrane containing:

an electrolyte containing a perfluorocarbon sulfonic acid polymer; and

glass fiber having a SiO.sub.2 content of 99.9% by mass or more.

A catalyst-free electrochemical deuteration method using deuterium oxide as a deuterium source, adding an electrolyte, an organic compound containing an ethylenic bond or acetylenic bond, deuterium oxide, and an organic solvent into a reactor, applying a direct current voltage of 4-8 V between electrodes of a carbon felt in an atmosphere of an inert gas for an electrolytic reaction, to obtain a product, and purifying the product to obtain a deuterated product. In the method provided by the present disclosure, with the organic compound containing an ethylenic bond or acetylenic bond as a raw material, deuterium oxide as a deuterium source, cheap and readily available carbon electrode materials as cathodes and anodes, it is possible to obtain deuterated products by a direct current electrolysis in an organic solvent, without any transition metal catalysts.

A catalyst-free electrochemical deuteration method using deuterium oxide as a deuterium source, adding an electrolyte, an organic compound containing an ethylenic bond or acetylenic bond, deuterium oxide, and an organic solvent into a reactor, applying a direct current voltage of 4-8 V between electrodes of a carbon felt in an atmosphere of an inert gas for an electrolytic reaction, to obtain a product, and purifying the product to obtain a deuterated product. In the method provided by the present disclosure, with the organic compound containing an ethylenic bond or acetylenic bond as a raw material, deuterium oxide as a deuterium source, cheap and readily available carbon electrode materials as cathodes and anodes, it is possible to obtain deuterated products by a direct current electrolysis in an organic solvent, without any transition metal catalysts.

The invention relates to an electrocatalyst for reduction of CO.sub.2 to produce multi-carbon compounds, comprising a multi-metal material comprising a primary metal being copper and at least one enhancer metal selected from germanium, gallium, tin, silicon, silver, gold, zinc and aluminium. The invention also relates to a process for electrochemical production of a multi-carbon compound from CO.sub.2 using such an electrocatalyst.

The invention relates to an electrocatalyst for reduction of CO.sub.2 to produce multi-carbon compounds, comprising a multi-metal material comprising a primary metal being copper and at least one enhancer metal selected from germanium, gallium, tin, silicon, silver, gold, zinc and aluminium. The invention also relates to a process for electrochemical production of a multi-carbon compound from CO.sub.2 using such an electrocatalyst.