A method of forming an organic solid crystal (OSC) thin film includes forming a layer of a non-volatile medium material over a surface of a mold, forming a layer of a molecular feedstock over a surface of the non-volatile medium material, the molecular feedstock including an organic solid crystal precursor, forming crystal nuclei from the organic solid crystal precursor, and growing the crystal nuclei to form the organic solid crystal thin film. An organic solid crystal (OSC) thin film may include a biaxially-oriented organic solid crystal layer having mutually orthogonal refractive indices, n.sub.1≠n.sub.2≠n.sub.3.

A multi-layer thin film composite is formed by applying a thin film formed from non-single-crystalline oxide onto a substrate; applying a protection film onto the thin film; and supplying energy to the thin film through at least one of the protection film or the substrate.

A multi-layer thin film composite is formed by applying a thin film formed from non-single-crystalline oxide onto a substrate; applying a protection film onto the thin film; and supplying energy to the thin film through at least one of the protection film or the substrate.

A multi-layer thin film composite is formed by applying a thin film formed from non-single-crystalline oxide onto a substrate; applying a protection film onto the thin film; and supplying energy to the thin film through at least one of the protection film or the substrate.

A multi-layer thin film composite is formed by applying a thin film formed from non-single-crystalline oxide onto a substrate; applying a protection film onto the thin film; and supplying energy to the thin film through at least one of the protection film or the substrate.

Using processes disclosed herein, materials and structures are created and used. For example, processes can include melting amorphous carbon doped with nitrogen and carbon-13 into an undercooled state followed by quenching. Materials disclosed herein may include dopants in concentrations exceeding thermodynamic solubility limits.

Methods for purifying reaction precursors used in the synthesis of inorganic compounds and methods for synthesizing inorganic compounds from the purified precursors are provided. Also provided are methods for purifying the inorganic compounds and methods for crystallizing the inorganic compounds from a melt. γ and X-ray detectors incorporating the crystals of the inorganic compounds are also provided.

Methods for purifying reaction precursors used in the synthesis of inorganic compounds and methods for synthesizing inorganic compounds from the purified precursors are provided. Also provided are methods for purifying the inorganic compounds and methods for crystallizing the inorganic compounds from a melt. γ and X-ray detectors incorporating the crystals of the inorganic compounds are also provided.

A method of additive manufacturing a structure on a pre-existing includes disposing the pre-existing component in a bed of powdery base material and levelling the component, such that a manufacturing plane of the component can be recoated with the base material and alternatingly recoating and irradiating the manufacturing plane with an energy beam in order to additively build up the structure, wherein the irradiation is carried out in that the manufacturing plane is scanned by the beam in a non-continuous way, wherein, for the irradiation according to a second vector for the structure, the beam is either only guided parallel with respect to a previous first vector, or the irradiation process is paused after the irradiation of the first vector for a time span between 1/10 second to 2 seconds until the irradiation is continued with the second vector.

Methods for purifying reaction precursors used in the synthesis of inorganic compounds and methods for synthesizing inorganic compounds from the purified precursors are provided. Also provided are methods for purifying the inorganic compounds and methods for crystallizing the inorganic compounds from a melt. γ and X-ray detectors incorporating the crystals of the inorganic compounds are also provided.