A wall structure and a method for forming a wall structure is provided using three-dimensional printing of extruded building material applied to a surface of a building structure. According to one embodiment, the wall structure includes a pair of outer wythes spaced from an inner wythe. The outer wythes can include a core extending between the pair of outer wythes and toward the inner wythe. A protrusion can also extend toward the inner wythe a spaced distance from the inner wythe or entirely toward and adjoining the inner wythe. The core is configured with an inwardly facing spaced opposed surfaces of the outer wythes surrounding a vertically extending rebar, with grout surrounding that rebar. Horizontally extending support pins can be spaced parallel from each other and extend from the protrusions and into the inner wythe.

A wall structure and a method for forming a wall structure is provided using three-dimensional printing of extruded building material applied to a surface of a building structure. According to one embodiment, the wall structure includes a pair of outer wythes spaced from an inner wythe. The outer wythes can include a core extending between the pair of outer wythes and toward the inner wythe. A protrusion can also extend toward the inner wythe a spaced distance from the inner wythe or entirely toward and adjoining the inner wythe. The core is configured with an inwardly facing spaced opposed surfaces of the outer wythes surrounding a vertically extending rebar, with grout surrounding that rebar. Horizontally extending support pins can be spaced parallel from each other and extend from the protrusions and into the inner wythe.

The present invention relates to a settable material aligning arrangement that allows for settable material to be aligned to a desired level before the settable material sets. It can be used for ensuring that a poured concrete floor or shotcreted wall is levelled accurately. The settable material aligning arrangement is fixed to a support base and includes a base arrangement and an aligning formation that can be fixed at varying distances from each other by a coupling arrangement.

In between a shear wall of a reinforced concrete structure disposed in a column and beam frame of a reinforced concrete structure and the frame, transmission capability of a shear force between is enhanced from a stage which a relative deformation occurs among between the frame and the shear wall. Plate is disposed between an inner peripheral surface of a frame and an outer peripheral surface of a shear wall, integrated with any one of the frame and the shear wall, and continuous in a longitudinal direction and in a height direction of the shear wall and penetrate the plate in a thickness direction. The anchors are dispersedly in the longitudinal direction and in the height direction of the shear wall.

In between a shear wall of a reinforced concrete structure disposed in a column and beam frame of a reinforced concrete structure and the frame, transmission capability of a shear force between is enhanced from a stage which a relative deformation occurs among between the frame and the shear wall. Plate is disposed between an inner peripheral surface of a frame and an outer peripheral surface of a shear wall, integrated with any one of the frame and the shear wall, and continuous in a longitudinal direction and in a height direction of the shear wall and penetrate the plate in a thickness direction. The anchors are dispersedly in the longitudinal direction and in the height direction of the shear wall.

In between a shear wall of a reinforced concrete structure disposed in a column and beam frame of a reinforced concrete structure and the frame, transmission capability of a shear force between is enhanced from a stage which a relative deformation occurs among between the frame and the shear wall. Plate is disposed between an inner peripheral surface of a frame and an outer peripheral surface of a shear wall, integrated with any one of the frame and the shear wall, and continuous in a longitudinal direction and in a height direction of the shear wall and penetrate the plate in a thickness direction. The anchors are dispersedly in the longitudinal direction and in the height direction of the shear wall.

In between a shear wall of a reinforced concrete structure disposed in a column and beam frame of a reinforced concrete structure and the frame, transmission capability of a shear force between is enhanced from a stage which a relative deformation occurs among between the frame and the shear wall. Plate is disposed between an inner peripheral surface of a frame and an outer peripheral surface of a shear wall, integrated with any one of the frame and the shear wall, and continuous in a longitudinal direction and in a height direction of the shear wall and penetrate the plate in a thickness direction. The anchors are dispersedly in the longitudinal direction and in the height direction of the shear wall.

Foam wall structures and methods for making them are described. The wall structures include a frame, a foam panel overlying a front surface of the frame, and a polyurethane foam layer disposed in a cavity of the wall structure. The polyurethane foam layer has a density, as determined by ASTM D1622-14, of at least 44 kg/m.sup.3 and exhibits ASTM E84-16 Class A flame spread and smoke development characteristics. The polyurethane foam layer is the cured reaction product of a polyurethane foam-forming composition that includes a polyisocyanate, an aromatic polyester polyol having a functionality of greater than 2.5 and an OH number of at least 300 mg KOH/g, which is present in an amount of at least 50% by weight, based on the total weight of the polyurethane foam-forming composition less the weight of the polyisocyanate, a catalyst, and a blowing agent composition. The blowing agent composition includes water and a hydrofluoroolefin.

Isocyanate-reactive compositions that include a hydrofluoroolefin blowing agent, polyurethane foam-forming compositions, as well as spray-applied polyurethane foams formed therefrom that can provide structural support to wall structures and can also exhibit ASTM E84-16 Class A flame spread and smoke development characteristics at a foam thickness of 4 inches.

A stay-in-place concrete formwork system allows stucco to be applied directly to the formwork, avoiding the need to provide a further surface treatment of the wall prior to applying stucco. Apertures are provided on an exterior facing wall of the formwork panel to receive and embed stucco therein. The panel may also be formed with outward stucco-engaging projections. Other features include using rigid insulation to brace the stucco and keep concrete from the apertures, a sealing joint element, extendible panels for use in curved formwork, rainscreen features and an alligator connector panel for adjustable lengths of formwork faces.