The invention relates to a fluid container for a motor vehicle, having a container wall that bounds a storage volume for storing liquid with respect to an environment, a heating element that is arranged in the storage volume, and a housing, wherein the housing encloses the heating element in a liquid-tight manner with respect to the supply volume.

A level sensor assembly (10) for measuring physical properties indicative of a quality of a urea solution (AdBlue/DEF), where at least a portion of said level sensor assembly (10) is inserted in a tank (50), said level sensor assembly (10) comprises a header unit (12) mounted in an aperture of the tank (50); heating tubes (20) inserted in the tank for heating/thawing the urea solution in the tank (50) and one or more tubes (22) for suction of urea solution from the tank (50), said tubes (20,22) being connected to the header unit (12); and a level sensor (24,26) for measuring level of urea solution in the tank (50). Further, a detachable UQS sensor (30) is installed in the header unit (12), said UQS sensor (30) being at least partly submerged in a liquid pool (32) of urea solution in the header unit (12), and the liquid pool (32) in the header unit (12) comprises a compressible and/or expanding bottom (34).

An electrical heating device (14) for an operating fluid tank (10) of a motor vehicle, in particular for a tank (10) for storing aqueous urea solution, having at least one PTC element (34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44), that is disposed connecting two electrical conductors (24, 26, 28, 29), characterized in that the electrical heating device (14) comprises a multitude of PTC elements (34, 36, 28, 40, 42, 44), of which each is connectively arranged to two electrical conductors (24, 26, 28, 29), wherein at least one of the electrical conductors (24, 26, 28, 29) is configured as a laminar conductor component and forms a heat conductor for transferring the heat produced in the PTC element (34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44) to a volume portion of the outside environment (18) of the electrical heating device (14), which is adjacent to the electrical heating device (14).

The invention relates to a fluid container for a motor vehicle, having a container wall that bounds a storage volume for storing liquid with respect to an environment, a heating element that is arranged in the storage volume, and a housing, wherein the housing encloses the heating element in a liquid-tight manner with respect to the supply volume.

A level sensor assembly (10) for measuring physical properties indicative of a quality of a urea solution (AdBlue/DEF), where at least a portion of said level sensor assembly (10) is inserted in a tank (50), said level sensor assembly (10) comprises a header unit (12) mounted in an aperture of the tank (50); heating tubes (20) inserted in the tank for heating/thawing the urea solution in the tank (50) and one or more tubes (22) for suction of urea solution from the tank (50), said tubes (20,22) being connected to the header unit (12); and a level sensor (24,26) for measuring level of urea solution in the tank (50). Further, a detachable UQS sensor (30) is installed in the header unit (12), said UQS sensor (30) being at least partly submerged in a liquid pool (32) of urea solution in the header unit (12), and the liquid pool (32) in the header unit (12) comprises a compressible and/or expanding bottom (34).

A reactant introduction device, for introducing reactant into an exhaust gas stream of an internal combustion engine, includes a reactant introduction housing (16) with a reactant introduction space (20) surrounded by a housing wall (18). The housing wall (18) includes an incoming flow wall area (30) positioned upstream in relation to an exhaust gas flow direction (A), an outgoing flow wall area (32) positioned downstream, in relation to the exhaust gas flow direction (A) and two side wall areas (34, 36) between the incoming flow wall area (30) and the outgoing flow wall area (32). At least one flow-through opening (72, 74, 76) is provided in at least one side wall area (34, 36) or/and in the outgoing flow wall area (32). A reactant injection device (28) injects reactant into the reactant introduction space (20) in a reactant introduction direction (E) onto a heatable reactant release element (48).

A method for heating an exhaust pipe in a motor vehicle, including a plurality of spark cycles performed in succession at a preset frequency, wherein each spark cycle includes injecting a-preset fuel quantity into an injection area inside of an exhaust pipe in a motor vehicle and generating at least one spark between the ends of a pair of electrodes located in proximity to the injection area in order to start combustion.

Thus, a value of an ionization current flowing between the ends of the pair of electrodes is detected following the extinction of the spark and this ionization current value is compared with a preset reference value.

Therefore, the presence of combustion in the spark cycle is determined, if the ionization current value is greater than the preset reference value, or the absence of combustion in the spark cycle, if the ionization current value is lower than the preset reference value.

An exhaust system for an internal combustion engine, especially for a vehicle, includes an exhaust gas-carrying pipe (12) and a reactant release unit (14) for releasing reactant (R) into exhaust gas (A) flowing in the exhaust gas-carrying pipe (12). The reactant release unit (14) includes a reactant injection unit (20), a reactant delivery unit (18) delivering reactant (R) from a reactant reservoir to the reactant injection unit (20) and a heating unit (24) for heating reactant (R) being delivered to the reactant injection unit (20). The heating unit (24) includes an exhaust gas/reactant heat exchanger unit (26) for transferring heat, being transported in the exhaust gas (A), to the reactant (R).

An immersion heater including an encapsulated, semi-conductive, heating element. The heating element may be a non-metallic, carbon-based material in the form of a monofilament, a yarn or bundle of semi-conductive fibers which may be twisted, braided fibers or yarns, or the like. The encapsulation may be in the form of a tube of one or more layers of encapsulation material(s) with the heating element inserted therein. Alternately, the heating element may be thermoplastic with semi-conductive carbon additive, and the heating element may be coated with one or more external layers of insulating encapsulation material(s). The encapsulation material may be a rubber or thermoplastic material with sufficient chemical resistance to be immersed in a reservoir of fluid subject to freezing or thickening at low temperatures, such as DEF. The heater may be thermoformed into a predetermined fixed shape.

A method of regenerating an exhaust gas purification filter, in particular for internal combustion engines, uses a vaporized liquid that is to be introduced into the exhaust gas flow. A surface temperature of a heating element in a vaporizer chamber is limited to a maximum of 700 to 750 C.