A porous composite includes a porous base material, and a porous collection layer. The collection layer is provided on the base material. The collection layer contains praseodymium oxide.

A porous composite includes a porous base material, and a porous collection layer. The collection layer is provided on the base material. The collection layer contains praseodymium oxide.

A exhaust gas purification apparatus is provided with: a substrate having a wall-flow structure and including entry-side cells, exit-side cells, and a porous partition; a first catalyst region formed in small diameter pores having relatively small pore diameters among internal pores in the partition; and a second catalyst region formed in large diameter pores having relatively large pore diameters among the internal pores in the partition. The first catalyst region contains a support and any one or two species of precious metal selected from Pt, Pd, and Rh loaded on the support, while the second catalyst region contains a support and any one or two species of precious metal selected from Pt, Pd, and Rh loaded on the support and other than at least the precious metal present in the first catalyst region.

An exhaust-gas purifying device purifies an exhaust gas exhausted from a gasoline engine of a vehicle and flowing in an exhaust pipe, and has a purifying function part disposed in the exhaust pipe and a detector located downstream of the purifying part in the exhaust pipe. The purifying function part has a three-way catalyst that oxidizes and reduces a toxic substance and a filter that collects a particular matter included in the exhaust gas. The detector detects an amount of the particular matter based on electrical conductivity between the electrodes of the detector. The detector is located at a position that is one meter distanced from a downstream end of the purifying function part in a path length of the exhaust pipe or a position at which a temperature of the exhaust gas flowing after a warm-up operation of the gasoline engine is lower than or equal to 450° C.

An exhaust-gas purifying device purifies an exhaust gas exhausted from a gasoline engine of a vehicle and flowing in an exhaust pipe, and has a purifying function part disposed in the exhaust pipe and a detector located downstream of the purifying part in the exhaust pipe. The purifying function part has a three-way catalyst that oxidizes and reduces a toxic substance and a filter that collects a particular matter included in the exhaust gas. The detector detects an amount of the particular matter based on electrical conductivity between the electrodes of the detector. The detector is located at a position that is one meter distanced from a downstream end of the purifying function part in a path length of the exhaust pipe or a position at which a temperature of the exhaust gas flowing after a warm-up operation of the gasoline engine is lower than or equal to 450° C.

A filtration assembly for removing particulate matter from exhaust gas produced by an engine, including: a first filter; a second filter positioned downstream of the first filter; and a valve including: a first ring defining a plurality of first openings, and a second ring defining a plurality of second openings, the second ring abutting the first ring. The valve is moveable between a closed position in which the plurality of first openings are misaligned with the plurality of second openings to prevent a fluid from flowing through the plurality of first and second openings, and an open position in which the second ring is rotated relative to the first ring such that the plurality of first openings are aligned with the plurality of second openings allowing the fluid to flow therethrough. A first end of the valve is positioned at an outlet of the first filter, and a second end of the valve is positioned at an inlet of the second filter. In the closed position of the valve, substantially all of the exhaust gas flows through the second filter, and in the open position of the valve, at least a portion of the exhaust gas flows through the valve and bypasses the second filter.

A filtration assembly for removing particulate matter from exhaust gas produced by an engine, including: a first filter; a second filter positioned downstream of the first filter; and a valve including: a first ring defining a plurality of first openings, and a second ring defining a plurality of second openings, the second ring abutting the first ring. The valve is moveable between a closed position in which the plurality of first openings are misaligned with the plurality of second openings to prevent a fluid from flowing through the plurality of first and second openings, and an open position in which the second ring is rotated relative to the first ring such that the plurality of first openings are aligned with the plurality of second openings allowing the fluid to flow therethrough. A first end of the valve is positioned at an outlet of the first filter, and a second end of the valve is positioned at an inlet of the second filter. In the closed position of the valve, substantially all of the exhaust gas flows through the second filter, and in the open position of the valve, at least a portion of the exhaust gas flows through the valve and bypasses the second filter.

A heating system includes at least one electric heater disposed within a fluid flow system and a control device that is configured to determine a temperature of the at least one electric heater based on a model, at least one fluid flow system input, and at least one heater input. The at least one heater input includes at least one physical characteristic of the heating system, the at least one physical characteristic includes at least one of a resistance wire diameter, a heater insulation thickness, a heater sheath thickness, a conductivity, a specific heat and density of the material of the heater, an emissivity of the heater and the fluid flow pathway, and combinations thereof. The control device is configured to provide power to the at least one electric heater based on the temperature of the at least one electric heater.

A heating system includes at least one electric heater disposed within a fluid flow system and a control device that is configured to determine a temperature of the at least one electric heater based on a model, at least one fluid flow system input, and at least one heater input. The at least one heater input includes at least one physical characteristic of the heating system, the at least one physical characteristic includes at least one of a resistance wire diameter, a heater insulation thickness, a heater sheath thickness, a conductivity, a specific heat and density of the material of the heater, an emissivity of the heater and the fluid flow pathway, and combinations thereof. The control device is configured to provide power to the at least one electric heater based on the temperature of the at least one electric heater.

A method to control an internal combustion engine having an exhaust duct and an exhaust gas after-treatment system comprising at least one catalytic converter arranged along the exhaust duct; an oxygen sensor housed along the exhaust duct and arranged upstream of said at least one catalytic converter; and a burner suited to introduce the exhaust gases into the exhaust duct upstream of the oxygen sensor the method provides the steps of identifying the operation phases in which the internal combustion engine is turned off and the burner is turned on so that the oxygen sensor is exclusively hit by the exhaust gases produced by the burner; acquiring the signal generated by the oxygen sensor; and using the signal generated by the oxygen sensor to determine the objective fuel flow rate and the objective air flow rate to be fed to the burner.