A piston capable of reducing undesirable “knock,” reducing hydrocarbon emissions, and providing more complete combustion, is provided. The piston includes a multilayer coating having a thickness of 500 microns or less disposed on an upper combustion surface. The coating includes a bond layer including nickel disposed on the upper combustion surface. A thermal barrier layer including a ceramic composition is disposed on the bond layer. A sealant layer formed of metal is disposed on the thermal barrier layer. A catalytic layer including at least one of platinum, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, and iridium is disposed on the sealant layer. The catalytic layer can be disposed on select regions or the entire upper combustion surface to promote combustion through a catalyzed reaction.

A combustion system includes a remodeled diesel engine and a fuel composition to be added into the remodeled diesel engine. The remodeled diesel engine includes a cylinder unit, and a coating coated on the cylinder unit and containing a catalyst that is a metal, an alloy of the metal, a composite containing oxides of the metal, a salt of the metal or combinations thereof. The metal is platinum, nickel, cobalt, copper, molybdenum, and/or titanium. The fuel composition includes water, a fuel oil and an emulsifying agent. The amount of water ranges from 10 to 90 wt % based on total weight of water and the fuel oil, and the amount of the emulsifying agent ranges from 0.5 to 10 wt % relative to total weight of water and the fuel oil.

A combustion system includes a remodeled diesel engine and a fuel composition to be added into the remodeled diesel engine. The remodeled diesel engine includes a cylinder unit, and a coating coated on the cylinder unit and containing a catalyst that is a metal, an alloy of the metal, a composite containing oxides of the metal, a salt of the metal or combinations thereof. The metal is platinum, nickel, cobalt, copper, molybdenum, and/or titanium. The fuel composition includes water, a fuel oil and an emulsifying agent. The amount of water ranges from 10 to 90 wt % based on total weight of water and the fuel oil, and the amount of the emulsifying agent ranges from 0.5 to 10 wt % relative to total weight of water and the fuel oil.

An internal combustion engine injector mounting is configured to i) secure an injector (36) to an internal combustion engine body so that the injector can inject a heated aqueous fluid and a fuel into a combustion chamber of the internal combustion engine, and ii) hold a catalyst so that the heated aqueous fluid and fuel are injected into the combustion chamber by passing through the catalyst. The catalyst is contained within the mounting to protect against oxidation by combustion processes that, in use, take place in the combustion chamber.

A piston capable of reducing undesirable knock, reducing hydrocarbon emissions, and providing more complete combustion, is provided. The piston includes a multilayer coating having a thickness of 500 microns or less disposed on an upper combustion surface. The coating includes a bond layer including nickel disposed on the upper combustion surface. A thermal barrier layer including a ceramic composition is disposed on the bond layer. A sealant layer formed of metal is disposed on the thermal barrier layer. A catalytic layer including at least one of platinum, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, and iridium is disposed on the sealant layer. The catalytic layer can be disposed on select regions or the entire upper combustion surface to promote combustion through a catalyzed reaction.