A method of operating a dual fuel engine includes conveying intake air, and a first fuel as a vapor and as a liquid, into a combustion cylinder in an engine, and directly injecting a second fuel into the combustion cylinder to form a first combustion charge of the first fuel as a vapor and as a liquid, the second fuel, and intake air. The second fuel is ignited to initiate combustion of the first combustion charge. Operating the dual fuel engine further includes varying at least one of, a vapor proportion of the first fuel or a total proportion of the first fuel, in a subsequent combustion charge to mitigate undesired combustion. The first fuel can include a liquid alcohol fuel. The second fuel can include a liquid compression-ignition fuel. Related apparatus and control logic is also disclosed.

The present disclosure provides an apparatus for testing spray and combustion performance of an internal-combustion engine based on a rapid compression-expansion machine, which belongs to the testing field of internal-combustion engines. The present disclosure solves the problems that the existing test of the internal-combustion engine testing apparatus having a complex structure, is poor in adaptability, cannot be observed easily, and cannot meet the requirements of multi-fuel injection and multi-injection-pressure tests. It includes a driving mechanism, a transmission mechanism, an engine cylinder, an air intake system and an exhaust system. The engine cylinder includes a piston, a cylinder block, a dual-fuel cylinder head and a multi-injector assembly. The piston is disposed in the cylinder block. The driving mechanism is connected with the piston through the transmission mechanism and drives the piston to linearly move back and forth along a vertical direction of the cylinder block. The dual-fuel cylinder head is connected to an upper part of the cylinder block. The multi-fuel injection assembly includes a plurality of injectors. The plurality of injectors are of the same type and are all disposed on the dual-fuel cylinder head. The upper part of the cylinder block is transversely provided with an air intake and an exhaust port, and the air intake and the exhaust port are perpendicular to a moving direction of the piston. It is mainly used for testing the combustion performance.

A reserve fuel tank retention and control (RTRC) module and a method of operating a vehicle including an engine and a main fuel tank containing a fuel, the method including mounting the RTRC module onto the vehicle; fluidly connecting the RTRC module to the engine and to the main fuel tank; actuating a valve of the RTRC module for a predetermined time to purge moisture in a fuel supply hose into the engine; and upon the main fuel tank becoming empty, actuating the valve to allow fuel from the reserve fuel tank to supply the engine.

A method of injection of liquid or gaseous ammonia fuel into a reciprocating engine that includes at least two cylinders, each cylinder including a piston that moves reciprocally within that cylinder, each cylinder having a head location at one end located opposite to a compression end of the piston and defining a combustion chamber therebetween, the cylinder including at least one inlet valve through which combustion gases are fed into the combustion chamber and at least one exhaust valve through which spent combustion gases egress the combustion chamber, the piston moving the cylinder in a cycle between top dead center where the piston is located closest to the head location and bottom dead center where the piston is located furthest from the head location, and including at least one fuel injector located at or in the head location, and wherein the method comprises: injecting the ammonia fuel into the combustion chamber of each cylinder as at least one fuel jet with a timing of: after the at least one exhaust valve of the respective cylinder is substantially closed; and before the respective piston moves to at most 35 degrees, preferably at most 45 degrees, prior to top dead centre.

The present disclosure provides an apparatus for testing spray and combustion performance of an internal-combustion engine based on a rapid compression-expansion machine, which belongs to the testing field of internal-combustion engines. It includes a driving mechanism, a transmission mechanism, an engine cylinder, an air intake system and an exhaust system. The engine cylinder includes a piston, a cylinder block, a dual-fuel cylinder head and a multi-injector assembly. The piston is disposed in the cylinder block. The driving mechanism is connected with the piston through the transmission mechanism and drives the piston to linearly move back and forth along a vertical direction of the cylinder block. The dual-fuel cylinder head is connected to an upper part of the cylinder block. The multi-fuel injection assembly includes a plurality of injectors. The plurality of injectors are of the same type and are all disposed on the dual-fuel cylinder head.

A reserve fuel tank retention and control (RTRC) module and a method of operating a vehicle including an engine and a main fuel tank containing a fuel, the method including mounting the RTRC module onto the vehicle; fluidly connecting the RTRC module to the engine and to the main fuel tank; actuating a valve of the RTRC module for a predetermined time to purge moisture in a fuel supply hose into the engine; and upon the main fuel tank becoming empty, actuating the valve to allow fuel from the reserve fuel tank to supply the engine.

A reserve fuel tank retention and control (RTRC) module and a method of operating a vehicle including an engine and a main fuel tank containing a fuel, the method including mounting the RTRC module onto the vehicle; fluidly connecting the RTRC module to the engine and to the main fuel tank; actuating a valve of the RTRC module for a predetermined time to purge moisture in a fuel supply hose into the engine; and upon the main fuel tank becoming empty, actuating the valve to allow fuel from the reserve fuel tank to supply the engine.

A reserve fuel tank retention and control (RTRC) module and a method of operating a vehicle including an engine and a main fuel tank containing a fuel, the method including mounting the RTRC module onto the vehicle; fluidly connecting the RTRC module to the engine and to the main fuel tank; actuating a valve of the RTRC module for a predetermined time to purge moisture in a fuel supply hose into the engine; and upon the main fuel tank becoming empty, actuating the valve to allow fuel from the reserve fuel tank to supply the engine.

A rotary engine, has: an outer body defining a rotor cavity; a rotor rotatable within the rotor cavity and in sealing engagement with walls of the outer body and defining at least one chamber of variable volume in the rotor cavity; a pilot subchamber defined by the outer body, the pilot subchamber having an outlet in fluid flow communication with the rotor cavity; and a fuel injector having a tip in communication with the rotor cavity at a location spaced apart from the outlet of the pilot subchamber, the tip of the fuel injector having: a first outlet in fluid communication with the rotor cavity independently of the pilot subchamber; and a second outlet in fluid communication with the rotor cavity through the pilot subchamber.

A combustion pre-chamber device for a spark ignition internal combustion engine is configured to engage a spark plug and be mounted to a cylinder head in communication with a combustion chamber of a cylinder of the engine. The combustion pre-chamber device includes a number of bores that open at an outer surface thereof that extend into the body and receive a coolant flow to provide cooling for a combustion pre-chamber of the combustion pre-chamber device.