A fuel vapor treatment apparatus is provided with a fuel tank for storing fuel of an internal combustion engine, a canister for adsorbing fuel vapor generated in the fuel tank, a pump for reducing a pressure inside a detection target system including the fuel tank, a pressure detection sensor for detecting the pressure inside the detection target system, and a fluctuation detection unit for detecting a fluctuation width of the pressure inside the detection target system at the time when the pressure inside the detection target system is reduced to a predetermined pressure value.

A high-pressure fuel pump and a protector are coupled to an outer side of an engine body of an internal combustion engine. A wall plate surrounds the high-pressure fuel pump to protect the high-pressure fuel pump. A cover of the high-pressure fuel pump has a flange. The engine body has a mounting surface. The bottom plate and the flange are fastened to the mounting surface by a bolt with the bottom plate held between the flange and the mounting surface.

A vehicle includes an engine, a first motor generator coupled to the engine, and an HV-ECU that performs motoring control of rotating a crankshaft of the engine by the first motor generator. The engine includes an intake air passage, a forced induction device provided in the intake air passage, and an air flow meter that detects a flow rate of air (suctioned air amount) that passes through the intake air passage. The HV-ECU diagnoses air leakage as occurring in the intake air passage when the suctioned air amount is less than a reference amount during the motoring control.

A multi-stage reconfigurable air intake and exhaust system for a piston engine having first and second rows of cylinders forming a V configuration. The system includes plural stage packages having inter-related components that can be connected and changed to form different air intake and exhaust gas configurations. There is particularly provided a Stage 1 package with first and second exhaust manifolds adapted to be respectively secured to the first and second rows of cylinders, and a Stage 2 package with a turbo exhaust manifold adapted for mounting a turbocharger, and also adapted to be secured to the first row of cylinders in lieu of the first exhaust manifold, and a crossover pipe assembly adapted for coupling the turbo exhaust manifold to the second exhaust manifold.

A fuel vapor treatment apparatus is provided with a fuel tank for storing fuel of an internal combustion engine, a canister for adsorbing fuel vapor generated in the fuel tank, a pump for reducing a pressure inside a detection target system including the fuel tank, a pressure detection sensor for detecting the pressure inside the detection target system, and a fluctuation detection unit for detecting a fluctuation width of the pressure inside the detection target system at the time when the pressure inside the detection target system is reduced to a predetermined pressure value.

Diagnostic systems and methods for detecting leaks in an exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) system of an engine of a vehicle utilize an upstream oxygen (O2) sensor disposed in an exhaust system of the engine upstream from an EGR port of the EGR system and configured to measure an upstream O2 concentration of exhaust gas produced by the engine, a downstream O2 sensor disposed in the exhaust system downstream from the EGR port and configured to measure a downstream O2 concentration of the exhaust gas, and a controller configured to receive the measured upstream and downstream O2 concentrations from the upstream and downstream O2 sensors, respectively, and detect a leak in the EGR system when a difference between the measured downstream and upstream O2 concentrations exceeds a diagnostic threshold.

A high-pressure fuel pump and a protector are coupled to an outer side of an engine body of an internal combustion engine. A wall plate surrounds the high-pressure fuel pump to protect the high-pressure fuel pump. A cover of the high-pressure fuel pump has a flange. The engine body has a mounting surface. The bottom plate and the flange are fastened to the mounting surface by a bolt with the bottom plate held between the flange and the mounting surface.

Diagnostic systems and methods for detecting leaks in an exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) system of an engine of a vehicle utilize an upstream oxygen (O2) sensor disposed in an exhaust system of the engine upstream from an EGR port of the EGR system and configured to measure an upstream O2 concentration of exhaust gas produced by the engine, a downstream O2 sensor disposed in the exhaust system downstream from the EGR port and configured to measure a downstream O2 concentration of the exhaust gas, and a controller configured to receive the measured upstream and downstream O2 concentrations from the upstream and downstream O2 sensors, respectively, and detect a leak in the EGR system when a difference between the measured downstream and upstream O2 concentrations exceeds a diagnostic threshold.

A first pressure sensor is disposed in a first fuel system between a first shutoff valve and a second shutoff valve. A second pressure sensor is disposed in a second fuel system between the second shutoff valve and a fuel injection valve. A determination process determines a leakage anomaly in the first fuel system or the second fuel system based on a first magnitude relationship or a second magnitude relationship. The first magnitude relationship is a relationship between a detection value of the first pressure sensor in a state in which the first fuel system is filled with gaseous fuel and a first threshold value. The second magnitude relationship is a relationship between a detection value of the second pressure sensor in a state in which the second fuel system is filled with gaseous fuel and a second threshold value.

A multi-stage reconfigurable air intake and exhaust system for an internal combustion piston engine having a first row of at least two cylinders inclined relative to a vertical plane, a second row of at least two cylinders inclined relative to the vertical plane, and the two rows of cylinders form a V configuration with the vertical plane being approximately equidistant between the two rows. The system comprises a Stage 1 package and a Stage 2 package. The Stage 1 package includes a first exhaust manifold adapted to be secured to the first row of cylinders for receiving and collecting in a plenum exhaust gases from the first row of cylinders, where the first exhaust manifold includes a first exhaust gas discharge aperture for discharging exhaust gases, the first exhaust gas discharge aperture is located at a first fixed spatial position when the first exhaust manifold is secured to the first row of cylinders, and there is provided first connecting means proximate the first exhaust gas aperture. The Stage 1 package additionally includes a second exhaust manifold adapted to be secured to the second row of cylinders for receiving and collecting in a plenum exhaust gases from the second row of cylinders, where the second exhaust manifold includes a second exhaust gas discharge aperture for discharging exhaust gases, the second exhaust gas discharge aperture is located at a second fixed spatial position when the second exhaust manifold is secured to the first row of cylinders, and there is provided second connecting means proximate the second exhaust gas aperture. The Stage 2 package includes a first turbo exhaust manifold adapted to be secured to the first row of cylinders for receiving and collecting in a plenum exhaust gases from at least from the first row of cylinders, where the first turbo exhaust manifold includes a first turbocharger connection aperture adapted for mounting a turbocharger and for delivering to the turbocharger exhaust gases from either the first row of cylinders or the first row of cylinders and the second row of cylinders, a first exhaust gas passage aperture and third connecting means proximate the first exhaust gas passage aperture, the first turbo exhaust manifold being dimensioned so that the first exhaust gas passage aperture is located at about the first fixed spatial position when the first turbo exhaust manifold is secured to the first row of cylinders in lieu of the first exhaust manifold, and a crossover pipe assembly having a second exhaust gas passage aperture and fourth connecting means proximate the second exhaust gas passage aperture, and having a third exhaust gas passage aperture and fifth connecting means proximate th