Provided are: a displacement expanding apparatus, which uses environmentally friendly electrical energy to generate rotational power; and an engine including the displacement expanding apparatus, the novel engine having improved performance and a long lifespan. Also, to realize a novel engine, provided is a novel engine which is environmentally friendly and has a long lifespan.

The vehicle braking device includes a pilot pressure control portion which executes normal control in which the pilot pressure is controlled in response to the target value of the servo pressure and shortening control in which the change amount of the pilot pressure per unit time is greater than the change amount under the normal control in a mutually different timing, a state judging portion which judges the state of the master piston relating hysteresis of sliding resistance of the master piston based on the detection result of the servo pressure detecting portion or the liquid pressure co-relating with the servo premeasure and a control switching over portion which terminates the shortening control based on the detection result of the servo pressure detecting portion and the detection result of the state judging portion.

The vehicle braking device includes a pilot pressure control portion which executes normal control in which the pilot pressure is controlled in response to the target value of the servo pressure and shortening control in which the change amount of the pilot pressure per unit time is greater than the change amount under the normal control in a mutually different timing, a state judging portion which judges the state of the master piston relating hysteresis of sliding resistance of the master piston based on the detection result of the servo pressure detecting portion or the liquid pressure co-relating with the servo premeasure and a control switching over portion which terminates the shortening control based on the detection result of the servo pressure detecting portion and the detection result of the state judging portion.

A through-hole of a hydraulic chamber is provided on an input side of a thrust expansion device in accordance with rod diameters of various actuators on the input side, and an input rod of an air cylinder or the like is inserted therein. Thus, a thrust expansion mechanism operates. An input-side actuator attaching portion of the thrust expansion device is configured such that parts can be changed according to a fixing method of various actuators and a rod shape. It is possible to freely change a thrust expansion ratio by changing a cross sectional area of the input rod. A stroke of an output-side rod can be changed by changing an input stroke of the input-side actuator. According to the thrust expansion device, various inexpensive commercially available actuators can be easily attached and replaced by being separated and independent from the input-side actuator.

A through-hole of a hydraulic chamber is provided on an input side of a thrust expansion device in accordance with rod diameters of various actuators on the input side, and an input rod of an air cylinder or the like is inserted therein. Thus, a thrust expansion mechanism operates. An input-side actuator attaching portion of the thrust expansion device is configured such that parts can be changed according to a fixing method of various actuators and a rod shape. It is possible to freely change a thrust expansion ratio by changing a cross sectional area of the input rod. A stroke of an output-side rod can be changed by changing an input stroke of the input-side actuator. According to the thrust expansion device, various inexpensive commercially available actuators can be easily attached and replaced by being separated and independent from the input-side actuator.

A piston accommodated in an internal space of a cylinder and forming a pair of pressure chambers together with the cylinder, the piston being configured to move relative to the cylinder; a first actuator connected to one pair of pressure chambers; a second actuator connected to the other of the pair of pressure chambers; a position detector configured to detect a position of the piston relative to the cylinder; a pressure detector configured to detect a pressure of one pair of pressure chambers; and a controller configured to control the first actuator and the second actuator. The controller controls one of the first actuator and the second actuator that the position detected by the position detector is made close to a target position and controls the other of the first actuator and the second actuator that the pressure detected by the pressure detector is made close to a target pressure.

A piston accommodated in an internal space of a cylinder and forming a pair of pressure chambers together with the cylinder, the piston being configured to move relative to the cylinder; a first actuator connected to one pair of pressure chambers; a second actuator connected to the other of the pair of pressure chambers; a position detector configured to detect a position of the piston relative to the cylinder; a pressure detector configured to detect a pressure of one pair of pressure chambers; and a controller configured to control the first actuator and the second actuator. The controller controls one of the first actuator and the second actuator that the position detected by the position detector is made close to a target position and controls the other of the first actuator and the second actuator that the pressure detected by the pressure detector is made close to a target pressure.

A through-hole of a hydraulic chamber is provided on an input side of a thrust expansion device in accordance with rod diameters of various actuators on the input side, and an input rod of an air cylinder or the like is inserted therein. Thus, a thrust expansion mechanism operates. An input-side actuator attaching portion of the thrust expansion device is configured such that parts can be changed according to a fixing method of various actuators and a rod shape. It is possible to freely change a thrust expansion ratio by changing a cross sectional area of the input rod. A stroke of an output-side rod can be changed by changing an input stroke of the input-side actuator. According to the thrust expansion device, various inexpensive commercially available actuators can be easily attached and replaced by being separated and independent from the input-side actuator.

A through-hole of a hydraulic chamber is provided on an input side of a thrust expansion device in accordance with rod diameters of various actuators on the input side, and an input rod of an air cylinder or the like is inserted therein. Thus, a thrust expansion mechanism operates. An input-side actuator attaching portion of the thrust expansion device is configured such that parts can be changed according to a fixing method of various actuators and a rod shape. It is possible to freely change a thrust expansion ratio by changing a cross sectional area of the input rod. A stroke of an output-side rod can be changed by changing an input stroke of the input-side actuator. According to the thrust expansion device, various inexpensive commercially available actuators can be easily attached and replaced by being separated and independent from the input-side actuator.

The vehicle braking device includes a pilot pressure control portion which executes normal control in which the pilot pressure is controlled in response to the target value of the servo pressure and shortening control in which the change amount of the pilot pressure per unit time is greater than the change amount under the normal control in a mutually different timing, a state judging portion which judges the state of the master piston relating hysteresis of sliding resistance of the master piston based on the detection result of the servo pressure detecting portion or the liquid pressure co-relating with the servo premeasure and a control switching over portion which terminates the shortening control based on the detection result of the servo pressure detecting portion and the detection result of the state judging portion.