Land vehicles and methods of operating land vehicles are disclosed. A land vehicle includes a frame structure, a plurality of wheels, and a brake system. The frame structure includes a front cage that at least partially defines an operator cabin and a rear compartment positioned rearward of the front cage in a longitudinal direction. The plurality of wheels are supported by the frame structure. Each of plurality of wheels is sized to permit direct integration of an electric motor therein.

A brake assembly includes a braked member that is coupable or coupled to the vehicle wheel for a joint rotation therewith about a rotational axis, the braked member having contact surfaces that are arranged at an axial distance from one another and a braking unit that comprises a brake force generator and at least two brake pads, the brake pads being positioned in between the contact surfaces, wherein the brake force generator is configured move the brake pads axially apart from one another, thereby bringing each brake pad into contact with one of the contact surfaces of the braked member.

A triboelectric generation apparatus based on a friction brake and a friction brake provide a simple structure with high reliability, a stable circuit, and high energy recovery efficiency. The triboelectric generation apparatus includes two sensing electrodes arranged in a first friction component of the friction brake. When the first friction component is in frictional contact with a second friction component, induced electric charges are generated on the two sensing electrodes. The induced electric charges are different. An electric charge collection circuit is connected to the sensing electrodes and is configured to store the induced electric charges. Storing the induced electric charges allows for the recovery of energy using a simple structure with high reliability.

A brake device, configured to be installed directly on a driving axle or through a hub, wherein said device includes a first brake disc joined to the axle sharing rotary motion, a first container disc and a second container disc configured to be moved in the axial direction of said axle. The container discs are positioned on each side of the brake disc, such that both are configured to be moved in the axial direction towards the linings of the first brake disc and to exert a pushing pressure thereon, producing the braking of the brake disc and, therefore, of the driving axle whereon it is assembled. Furthermore, the container discs comprise an inner circuit configured to accommodate the passage of a coolant configured to cool them.

Disclosed herein is a bidirectional MR actuator comprising a first input member comprising a first rotor, an output member comprising a second rotor and a second input member comprising a housing having a non-magnetic portion and a magnetic portion. Each of the first input member and the output member are coupled to the second input member, the housing defining a chamber for accommodating the first rotor and the second rotor therein and further for receiving a quantity of MR fluid therewithin. The actuator further comprises a magnetic field generation assembly comprising a first coil assembly configured to selectively apply a magnetic field to a portion of the MR fluid between the first rotor and the second rotor, and a second coil assembly configured to selectively apply a magnetic field to a portion of the MR fluid between the second rotor and the magnetic portion of the housing.

A driving device for moving a tailgate of a vehicle, comprising a permanent magnet brake, which comprises a stationary portion, a first braking element, which is rotatable relative to the stationary portion about a rotational axis, and a second braking element, which is arranged in a rotationally fixed manner on the stationary portion, is axially offset from the first braking element along the rotational axis and cooperates with the first braking element in order to generate a braking force. The first braking element and/or the second braking element have a permanent magnet or are formed by a permanent magnet, a magnetic attraction force acts between the first braking element and the second braking element axially along the rotational axis. Axially between the first braking element and the second braking element is arranged a friction element, which is in frictional contact with the first braking element and the second braking element.

A method for controlling a braking system of an electromagnetic motor, the electromagnetic motor having a moveable output shaft, comprising the steps of: receiving a velocity signal and/or an acceleration signal based on movement of the output shaft, said velocity signal and/or acceleration signal having a respective frequency spectrum; identifying an event from the velocity and/or the acceleration signal using the respective frequency spectrum, wherein said event corresponds to an uncontrolled movement of the output shaft and has a characteristic frequency spectrum.

A drive system with an electric machine and two gear stages, formed by gearwheels and clutches, the rotor shaft of the electric machine defining an axial overall length, within which the predominant axial length component of an intermediate shaft which runs parallel to the former with gearwheels and an oil pump and the predominant axial length component of a split output shaft which runs parallel to the other shafts with two clutches run.

An electromagnetic brake controller for controlling a negative-actuated electromagnetic brake includes an output terminal connectable to the electromagnetic brake and a brake control section that outputs, through the output terminal, a brake control signal to be provided to the electromagnetic brake. The brake control section outputs a brake control signal for releasing the electromagnetic brake in response to a normal brake command and a safety brake command both indicating ON and outputs a brake control signal for applying the electromagnetic brake in response to at least one of the normal brake command or the safety brake command indicating OFF. The electromagnetic brake controller performs both safety control and normal control over the electromagnetic brake connected to the output terminal.

A clutch includes balls, an axle, a socket and a cylinder. The axle includes a circular section formed with alternate cavities and ridges. The socket includes a circular bore for receiving the circular section of the axle and apertures for receiving the balls. The cylinder includes an annular recess made in an internal face. The socket is movable in the cylinder between two positions. When the socket is the first position, the internal face of the cylinder abuts the external portions of balls to engage the internal portions of the balls with the ridges to cause the axle to rotate the socket via the balls. When the socket is in the second position, the annular recess receives the external portions of the balls to allow disengagement of the internal portions of balls from the ridges to allow the axle to rotate relative to the socket.