A transmission actuator, a transfer mechanism, a system, a transmission, a drivetrain and a vehicle includes a transmission gear change arrangement in which the actuating direction of the transmission actuator is inclined in relative to a transmission shaft axis by an angle.

A gear shift control system controls an actuator so that a pushing force will be a constant gearing-phase pushing force, during a gearing phase. The gear shift control system performs control on the basis of the number of rotation of the engine in the gearing phase, which is measured at the start of the gearing phase, so that the constant gearing-phase pushing force will increase as a number of rotation of the engine in the gearing phase increases. Thus, the hitting sound due to collision between the sleeve and the shift gear in shifting gears is reduced.

A hydraulically controlled park system disengages a parking pawl in response to engagement of particular shift elements. When the vehicle is one a grade, greater force may be required to dis-engage the pawl, potentially leading to a failure to dis-engage. The controller avoids this failure by engaging an uphill gear ratio and controlling the transmission input torque to transfer load from the parking pawl to the gearing prior to engaging the shift elements that dis-engage the pawl. Following dis-engagement of the parking pawl, the transmission is in a tie-up condition in which the output shaft is held stationary by shift elements. The controller transitions from this tie-up condition to the selected gear ratio by releasing shift elements.

There is provided a motorcycle. A crankshaft extends in a width direction of the motorcycle. An engine case pivotally supports the crankshaft. A counter shaft is arranged in parallel with the crankshaft. A clutch mechanism is arranged at one end of the counter shaft and configured to transmit and disconnect rotation of the crankshaft to and from the counter shaft. A clutch actuator performs a disconnection/connection operation of the clutch mechanism. A shift mechanism is arranged below the counter shaft and configured to shift and transmit the rotation of the crankshaft to a driving wheel. A shift actuator performs a shift operation of the shift mechanism. A generator is arranged at one end of the crankshaft. The clutch actuator and the shift actuator are arranged around a cover member mounted to the engine case and accommodating therein the clutch mechanism or the generator.

A gear shift control system controls an actuator so that a pushing force will be a constant gearing-phase pushing force, during a gearing phase. The gear shift control system performs control on the basis of the number of rotation of the engine in the gearing phase, which is measured at the start of the gearing phase, so that the constant gearing-phase pushing force will increase as a number of rotation of the engine in the gearing phase increases. Thus, the hitting sound due to collision between the sleeve and the shift gear in shifting gears is reduced.

A hydraulically controlled park system disengages a parking pawl in response to engagement of particular shift elements. When the vehicle is one a grade, greater force may be required to dis-engage the pawl, potentially leading to a failure to dis-engage. The controller avoids this failure by engaging an uphill gear ratio and controlling the transmission input torque to transfer load from the parking pawl to the gearing prior to engaging the shift elements that dis-engage the pawl. Following dis-engagement of the parking pawl, the transmission is in a tie-up condition in which the output shaft is held stationary by shift elements. The controller transitions from this tie-up condition to the selected gear ratio by releasing shift elements.

There is provided a motorcycle. A crankshaft extends in a width direction of the motorcycle. An engine case pivotally supports the crankshaft. A counter shaft is arranged in parallel with the crankshaft. A clutch mechanism is arranged at one end of the counter shaft and configured to transmit and disconnect rotation of the crankshaft to and from the counter shaft. A clutch actuator performs a disconnection/connection operation of the clutch mechanism. A shift mechanism is arranged below the counter shaft and configured to shift and transmit the rotation of the crankshaft to a driving wheel. A shift actuator performs a shift operation of the shift mechanism. A generator is arranged at one end of the crankshaft. The clutch actuator and the shift actuator are arranged around a cover member mounted to the engine case and accommodating therein the clutch mechanism or the generator.