Composite tank apparatus and methods of making and using same. An array of flat-sided co-dependent cells with relatively thin skins made of metallic or non-metallic materials. Each cell has at least two flat wall panel portions connected by radiused sections arranged such that all of the flat wall panel portions are either in flush contact with each other or in flush contact with flat supporting panels of an enclosing structure or thermal insulating material lining an interior thereof. The cells are sealed with each other around a perimeter of at least one pair of matching lightening through-wall holes provided in adjacent pairs of the wall panel portions of the cells to resist relative movement and prevent leakage of fluid therefrom. The composite tank apparatus may include an enclosing structure, and optionally, one or more layers of thermally insulating material lining the interior surface or the exterior surface of the enclosing structure.

A pressure vessel assembly incudes a pressure vessel and a gas density gauge. The pressure vessel includes a vessel wall defining an interior cavity. The gas density gauge includes a parallel plate capacitor having a pair of plates. Opposing surfaces of the plates are separated by a distance across an open gap. A capacitance of the capacitor is related to a density of a gas within the open gap.

A storage tank includes a tank wall, a pressure regulator, a low-pressure coupling, and a fill coupling. The tank wall of the storage tank is configured to contain a stored fluid at an internal pressure within the tank wall, the tank wall including an outer layer, an inner layer, and a regulator mount. The pressure regulator of the storage tank is connected to the regulator mount and is configured to receive a flow rate of the stored fluid and reduce the stored fluid from the internal pressure to an output pressure. The flow rate of the stored fluid is provided, via the low pressure coupling and at the output pressure to an external system. The fill coupling extends through the tank wall and receives the stored fluid from a fluid source to be stored within the storage tank

A compressed gas storage system that includes a pressure vessel. The pressure vessel includes a first vessel portion and a second vessel portion in fluid communication with the first vessel portion. The pressure vessel includes a third vessel portion in fluid communication with the second vessel portion. The compressed gas storage system includes a first valve positioned between the first vessel portion and the second vessel portion and a second valve positioned between the second vessel portion and the third vessel portion. The first valve allows and impedes fluid flow between the first and the second vessel portions. The second valve allows and impedes fluid flow between the second and the third vessel portions.

A high-pressure tank includes an assembly of a pipe split body having a pipe liner and a pipe reinforcement layer covering an outer circumferential surface of the pipe liner, first dome split body having a first dome liner and a first dome reinforcement layer covering an outer circumferential surface of the first dome liner, and second dome split body having a second dome liner and a second dome reinforcement layer covering an outer circumferential surface of the second dome liner. The pipe split body and the first dome split body are assembled such that the first dome liner is located in the outer portion of the high-pressure tank relative to the pipe liner. The pipe split body and the second dome split body are assembled such that the second dome liner is located in the outer portion of the high-pressure tank relative to the pipe liner.

A cryogenic liquid storage system is provided that includes a primary container, an insulation portion, a secondary container, and a pressure release feature. The primary container includes a metal sidewall and a metal dome. Alternatively, the primary container may be constructed out of composite material. The primary container may be configured to retain liquid hydrogen. The insulation portion covers the primary container. The secondary container includes a composite material that covers each of the primary container and the insulation portion. The pressure release feature is disposed through each of the primary container dome, the insulation portion, and the secondary container dome.

A hydraulic compressed air energy storage system includes air and liquid tanks, each of which includes interdependent volumes of liquid and air. Each tank includes dedicated passages through which incoming air may be fed, forcing outflow of liquid, or incoming liquid may be fed, forcing outflow of air. Compressed air tanks are connected to a first group of the air and liquid tanks. The system further includes a pump and a liquid turbine, the liquid turbine being electrically connected to a generator for generating electric power. During charging of the system, liquid is pumped through the first group of air and liquid tanks, and air is expelled from the first group of air and liquid tanks and compressed in the compressed air tanks. During discharging of the system, compressed air is released from the compressed air tanks, and said compressed air pumps liquid through the liquid turbine, thereby generating electricity.

A pressure vessel assembly including a pressure vessel including a cylinder part and a first side part and a second side part, the first side part and the second side part each having a dome shape and being provided at two opposite ends of the cylinder part, nozzle members respectively provided on the first side part and the second side part, and a plurality of protectors connected to the nozzle members and configured to surround a respective outer surface of the first side part or the second side part.

A method for manufacturing a high-pressure tank including a liner that stores gas and a reinforcing layer made of a fiber-reinforced resin and covering an outer surface of the liner includes: a first step of forming a cylinder member made of the fiber-reinforced resin; a second step of forming two dome members made of the fiber-reinforced resin; and a third step of forming a reinforcing body that is the reinforcing layer by joining both end portions of the cylinder member and end portions of the two dome members, respectively. The first step includes forming the cylinder member by winding a release material around a mandrel and winding the fiber-reinforced resin on the release material.

A tank holding device includes a band configured to tighten a hydrogen tank. The band includes a band-shaped base portion extending along an outer circumference of the hydrogen tank, a plurality of pressing portions projecting from both sides of the base portion in a width direction orthogonal to a longitudinal direction of the base portion and configured to apply a pressing force to an outer peripheral surface of the hydrogen tank by elastically deforming in abutment against the outer peripheral surface of the hydrogen tank, and a deformation limiting portion configured to limit deformation of the pressing portions to a specified amount.