Disclosed is a light-emitting element including a first electrode, a first light-emitting layer, an ionic-liquid layer, a second light-emitting layer, and a second electrode. The first light-emitting layer is located over the first electrode and includes a first emissive polymer and an ionic liquid. The ionic-liquid layer is located over the first light-emitting layer and includes an ionic liquid. The second light-emitting layer is located over the ionic-liquid layer and includes a second emissive polymer and an ionic liquid. The second electrode is located over the second light-emitting layer. The light-emitting element may further include a first substrate under the first electrode, a second substrate over the second electrode, and a sealing layer located between the first substrate and the second substrate and surrounding the first electrode.

Disclosed is a light-emitting element including a first electrode, a first light-emitting layer, an ionic-liquid layer, a second light-emitting layer, and a second electrode. The first light-emitting layer is located over the first electrode and includes a first emissive polymer and an ionic liquid. The ionic-liquid layer is located over the first light-emitting layer and includes an ionic liquid. The second light-emitting layer is located over the ionic-liquid layer and includes a second emissive polymer and an ionic liquid. The second electrode is located over the second light-emitting layer. The light-emitting element may further include a first substrate under the first electrode, a second substrate over the second electrode, and a sealing layer located between the first substrate and the second substrate and surrounding the first electrode.

Disclosed is a light-emitting element including a first electrode, a first light-emitting layer, an ionic-liquid layer, a second light-emitting layer, and a second electrode. The first light-emitting layer is located over the first electrode and includes a first emissive polymer and an ionic liquid. The ionic-liquid layer is located over the first light-emitting layer and includes an ionic liquid. The second light-emitting layer is located over the ionic-liquid layer and includes a second emissive polymer and an ionic liquid. The second electrode is located over the second light-emitting layer. The light-emitting element may further include a first substrate under the first electrode, a second substrate over the second electrode, and a sealing layer located between the first substrate and the second substrate and surrounding the first electrode.

Disclosed is a light-emitting element including a first electrode, a first light-emitting layer, an ionic-liquid layer, a second light-emitting layer, and a second electrode. The first light-emitting layer is located over the first electrode and includes a first emissive polymer and an ionic liquid. The ionic-liquid layer is located over the first light-emitting layer and includes an ionic liquid. The second light-emitting layer is located over the ionic-liquid layer and includes a second emissive polymer and an ionic liquid. The second electrode is located over the second light-emitting layer. The light-emitting element may further include a first substrate under the first electrode, a second substrate over the second electrode, and a sealing layer located between the first substrate and the second substrate and surrounding the first electrode.

Herein is described a light-emitting electrochemical cell comprising: a first electrode and a second electrode; a light-emitting layer disposed between the first and second electrodes and comprising a printed electrostatic ink comprising a thermoplastic resin having dispersed therein an electroluminescent material. Also described herein is a method of making an electrostatic ink, the method comprising: providing a carrier fluid (i) in which is dispersed a molten or a dissolved thermoplastic polymer resin and (ii) containing particles of an electroluminescent material suspended therein; effecting precipitation of the polymer resin from the carrier fluid onto the electroluminescent material to form particles comprising the electroluminescent material with a coating comprising the thermoplastic resin in solid form thereon. Also described herein is an electrostatic ink comprising: chargeable particles comprising an electroluminescent material having a coating of a thermoplastic resin thereon.

Provided is an electrochemical luminescent cell 10 having a luminescent layer 12 and electrodes 13, 14 provided on each surface of the luminescent layer 12. The luminescent layer 12 comprises an organic polymeric luminescent material and a combination of at least two organic salts. In particular, the luminescent layer preferably comprises a combination of at least two types of ionic liquids represented by formula (1) (wherein R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 each represent an optionally-substituted alkyl group, alkoxy alkyl group, trialkylsilylalkyl group, alkenyl group, alkynyl group, aryl group or heterocylic group. R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 may be the same or different. M represents N or P. X.sup.− represents an anion.)

A light-emitting electrochemical cell 10 includes an emitting layer 12 and electrodes 13 and 14, one on each side of the emitting layer 12. The emitting layer 12 contains a light-emitting material and an ionic compound. The ionic compound has general formula (1), wherein M is N or P; R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, and R.sub.4 each independently represent a C1-C20 saturated aliphatic group; and X is preferably an anion having a phosphoric ester bond or a sulfuric ester bond. The light-emitting material is preferably an organic light-emitting polymer, a metal complex, an organic low molecular compound, or a quantum dot.

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A composite including: at least one selected from a silicon oxide of the formula SiO.sub.2 and a silicon oxide of the formula SiO.sub.x wherein 0<x<2; and graphene, wherein the silicon oxide is disposed in a graphene matrix.

A composite including: at least one selected from a silicon oxide of the formula SiO.sub.2 and a silicon oxide of the formula SiO.sub.x wherein 0<x<2; and graphene, wherein the silicon oxide is disposed in a graphene matrix.

An expanded solar alarm lamp includes a solar cell component, a solar battery, a main controller, a xenon tube lamp, a circuit board, and a PC housing. The solar battery is connected to the solar cell component for receiving solar energy from the solar cell component and storing the solar energy to a battery that supplies electric power to the alarm lamp. The main controller and xenon tube lamp are installed on the circuit board; the PC housing is used for wrapping the circuit board and installed at the top of a car body; the xenon tube lamp is for generating a warning light; and the main controller is for determining whether the electric power supply is provided by the solar battery which is the xenon tube lamp based on the current stored electricity of the solar battery. The invention improves the performance and function of the solar alarm lamp.