The present application relates to apparatus for generating steam. It comprises a water inlet, a evaporation surface, and a heater disposed adjacent to the evaporation surface to heat the evaporation surface to a predetermined temperature such that water fed onto the evaporation surface via the water inlet forms a film on the evaporation surface and is evaporated. The apparatus is configured so that water is fed to one or more regions of the evaporation surface, and the temperature of the water fed onto the evaporation surface is lower than the predetermined temperature, so that scale on the or each region of the evaporation surface to which water is fed cools at a different rate at which water on a remainder of the evaporation surface cools. This causes scale on the evaporation surface to break apart and be dislodged from the evaporation surface.

The present application relates to apparatus for generating steam. It comprises a water inlet (19), a evaporation surface (24), and a heater (26) disposed adjacent to the evaporation surface (24) to heat the evaporation surface (24) to a predetermined temperature such that water fed onto the evaporation surface (24) via the water inlet (19) forms a film on the evaporation surface (24) and is evaporated. The apparatus is configured so that water is fed to one or more regions of the evaporation surface (24), and the temperature of the water fed onto the evaporation surface (24) is lower than the predetermined temperature, so that scale on the or each region of the evaporation surface (24) to which water is fed cools at a different rate at which water on a remainder of the evaporation surface (24) cools. This causes scale on the evaporation surface (24) to break apart and be dislodged from the evaporation surface (24).

Presented are devices and methods for the generation of high temperature plasma, wherein air or gas is projected past a heating element, or superheated steam produced by water projection on an element and combinations thereof utilizing a heat source comprising an electrically powered heating element in a double helical (DNA) shape which allows for an efficient generation of high heat output.

Presented are devices and methods for the generation of high temperature plasma, wherein air or gas is projected past a heating element, or superheated steam produced by water projection on an element and combinations thereof utilizing a heat source comprising an electrically powered heating element in a double helical (DNA) shape which allows for an efficient generation of high heat output.

The present application relates to apparatus for generating steam. The apparatus comprises an evaporation surface (24), a heater (26) disposed adjacent to the evaporation surface to heat the evaporation surface, a water inlet (19) positioned relative to the evaporation surface so that water is fed onto the evaporation surface from the water inlet and forms a film on the evaporation surface such that the film is evaporated from the evaporation surface, and a scale collection region (23) positioned such that, during use of the apparatus, scale dislodged from the evaporation surface falls away from the evaporation surface into the scale collection region. The apparatus is configured so that the flow of water through the water inlet (19) and onto the evaporation surface (24) is controlled in dependence on the temperature of the evaporation surface (24) so that substantially all the water fed onto the evaporation surface is evaporated from the evaporation surface without flowing from the evaporation surface into the scale collection region (23).

The present application relates to apparatus for generating steam. It comprises a water inlet, a evaporation surface, and a heater disposed adjacent to the evaporation surface to heat the evaporation surface to a predetermined temperature such that water fed onto the evaporation surface via the water inlet forms a film on the evaporation surface and is evaporated. The apparatus is configured so that water is fed to one or more regions of the evaporation surface, and the temperature of the water fed onto the evaporation surface is lower than the predetermined temperature, so that scale on the or each region of the evaporation surface to which water is fed cools at a different rate at which water on a remainder of the evaporation surface cools. This causes scale on the evaporation surface to break apart and be dislodged from the evaporation surface.

Apparatus for generating steam is disclosed. It comprises a water inlet (19), an evaporation surface (24), and a heater (26) disposed adjacent to the evaporation surface to heat the evaporation surface. The water inlet (19) is positioned relative to the evaporation surface (24) so that water is fed onto the evaporation surface from the inlet (19) and forms a film on the evaporation surface such that said film is evaporated from the evaporation surface (24). The apparatus also has a scale collection region (23). The evaporation surface (24) and the scale collection region (23) are configured such that the scale collection region (23) is positioned below the evaporation surface (24) during use of the apparatus so that scale dislodged from the evaporation surface (24) and which falls away from the evaporation surface (24), drops into the scale collection region (23).

Pressurized water is introduced into a steam production apparatus and system to produce steam. Electrical power is supplied to the apparatus though spaced apart electrical terminals which, in combination with two insulating elements, form a chamber to heat water introduce into the apparatus and chamber to turn the water into steam. The steam can be used for various purposes including powering of steam turbines for generating electricity, driving machinery, and for providing heat for heating systems. The generated steam can be used for various other purposes.

Presented are methods and apparatus for the increase of heating efficiency by the control of Reynolds number inversion in high temperature heating devices through the inclusions of flow modification devices precisely positioned in the hot fluid flow of the high temperature fluid heating device. Such flow modifiers allow for the internal temperature of the heated fluid to more closely reflect the fluid output temperature.