A process for reducing pressure of a vapor stream used for reducing a temperature or pressure in a reactor. A pressure of a vapor stream is reduced with a turbine to provide a lower pressure vapor stream. The vapor stream rotates a turbine wheel within the turbine. The turbine wheel is configured to transmit rotational movement to an electrical generator. Thus, electricity is generated with the turbine. The lower pressure vapor stream is injected into a reactor and reduces a temperature in the reactor or reduces a partial pressure of a hydrocarbon vapor in the reactor.

A process for reducing pressure of a vapor stream used for reducing a temperature or pressure in a reactor. A pressure of a vapor stream is reduced with a turbine to provide a lower pressure vapor stream. The vapor stream rotates a turbine wheel within the turbine. The turbine wheel is configured to transmit rotational movement to an electrical generator. Thus, electricity is generated with the turbine. The lower pressure vapor stream is injected into a reactor and reduces a temperature in the reactor or reduces a partial pressure of a hydrocarbon vapor in the reactor.

Embodiments of the present disclosure include a system, method, and apparatus comprising a large scale direct steam generator operating on an oxidant of air or enriched air configured to generate steam and combustion exhaust constituents. An exhaust constituent separation system and an energy recovery system to reclaim energy and improve the efficiency of the thermodynamic cycle. An optional CO2 separation system and Non Condensable Gas injection system may be included.

Embodiments of the present disclosure include a system, method, and apparatus comprising a large scale direct steam generator operating on an oxidant of air or enriched air configured to generate steam and combustion exhaust constituents. An exhaust constituent separation system and an energy recovery system to reclaim energy and improve the efficiency of the thermodynamic cycle. An optional CO2 separation system and Non Condensable Gas injection system may be included.

Methods for thermalsiphoning supercritical CO.sub.2 within a geothermal formation includes providing a geothermal energy system that includes an underground hot rock reservoir, a production well, and an injection well that together form a fluid path suitable for circulating supercritical CO.sub.2. The supercritical CO.sub.2 flows by thermosiphoning. Thermosiphoning is maximized by maintaining a pressure between 1400-4000 psia, an injection temperature in a range from 50-200 C and a production temperature in a range from 150-600 where injection temperature and the production temperature differ by at least 50° C.

A system and method for the production and capturing of clean vapors from the vaporizing of a plant substance is described. The system includes a heating system configured to generate heat within a cooking unit. A temperature control system is configured to monitor the level of heat generated by the heating system. Both systems are regulated by a control unit. The control unit is configured to provide an interface for a user to regulate the performance of the temperature control system and the heating system. The cooking unit defines a fully enclosed volume to contain the heat generated. A valve body is in communication with the cooking unit and configured to regulate the release of gases within the cooking unit as it passes into a bag member. The bag member is used to capture released vapor generated by vaporizing the plant substance.

A system and method for the production and capturing of clean vapors from the vaporizing of a plant substance is described. The system includes a heating system configured to generate heat within a cooking unit. A temperature control system is configured to monitor the level of heat generated by the heating system. Both systems are regulated by a control unit. The control unit is configured to provide an interface for a user to regulate the performance of the temperature control system and the heating system. The cooking unit defines a fully enclosed volume to contain the heat generated. A valve body is in communication with the cooking unit and configured to regulate the release of gases within the cooking unit as it passes into a bag member. The bag member is used to capture released vapor generated by vaporizing the plant substance.

Provided is a boiler for heating fluid by a heat generation unit including heat generation bodies in a container, the boiler being able to moderately heat fluid according to various situations while heat generated by the heat generation bodies can be efficiently utilized. A boiler for heating fluid by using heat generated by heat generation bodies includes the heat generation bodies and a container having the heat generation bodies inside and configured such that the inside of the container is filled with gas with higher specific heat than that of air. The boiler includes a controller configured to control a heat generation amount of the heat generation body under a situation where the gas has been supplied into the container.

A method for extracting and storing, respectively, energy in the form of concentration gradients wherein a process of extracting energy comprising the steps of feeding stored gaseous working medium into a working volume (2), compressing the working medium in the working volume (2), spraying a dilute solution into the working volume (2) before or during compression, increasing the temperature of the working medium fed in the working volume (2) by compression, evaporating the dilute solution with the working medium of increased temperature, removing heat from the working medium by the evaporating solution, keeping the heat extracted from the working medium in the form of latent heat of the vapor in the working volume (2), further increasing the temperature of the working medium until the partial pressure of the vapor in it approaches the vapor pressure of a solution of higher concentration at a corresponding temperature, spraying a solution of higher concentration of a vapor pressure of up to 60% of the vapor pressure of the dilute solution into the working medium of an expanding and high solvent vapor content, condensing the vapor in the working volume (2) onto solution droplets of the atomized solution and thereby heating the solution droplets, transferring the heat energy of the heated solution droplets to the working medium through contact surfaces of the solution and the working medium, feeding the heat previously conveyed to the dilute solution vapor during the compression back into the working medium plus as much heat as the condensation heat of the warmer vapor to the solution of higher concentration exceeds the heat of evaporation of the dilute solution, using the heat thus fed for performing work by the expansion of the working medium, obtaining the work performed by the working medium, removing the working medium and the solution from the working volume (2) after the gaseous working medium of low relative humidity is getting into a state near to its initial state, separating the working medium and the solution and returning the working medium to a container (7) for working medium and returning the slightly diluted solution of higher concentration to one of a container (11) for solution of higher concentrations and an additional intermediate container (24).

The invention also relates to an apparatus for implementing the method.

The invention can be used in all fields, where electric or mechanical energy should be stored for later use, but especially for leveling out the production and consumption differences on electrical power grids.

Provided is a boiler configured to perform heating by a heat generation section provided with heat generation bodies in a container and capable of properly charging a circulation path including, as part thereof, the inside of the container with required gas. A boiler includes: heat generation bodies; a container configured such that the heat generation bodies are provided inside and configured chargeable with gas with higher specific heat than that of air; and a circulation path including, as part thereof, the inside of the container, the circulation path being a path in which gas circulates. When the charging process of charging the circulation path with the gas is performed, a circulation amount and a gas concentration in the circulation path are monitored.