Described herein are two-stage catalytic heating systems and methods of operating thereof. A system comprises a first-stage catalytic reactor and a second-stage catalytic reactor, configured to operate in sequence and at different operating conditions, For example, the first-stage catalytic reactor is supplied with fuel and oxidant at fuel-rich conditions. The first-stage catalytic reactor generates syngas. The syngas is flown into the second-stage catalytic reactor together with some additional oxidant. The second-stage catalytic reactor operates at fuel-lean conditions and generates exhaust. Splitting the overall fuel oxidation process between the two catalytic reactors allows operating these reactors away from the stoichiometric fuel-oxidant ratio and avoiding excessive temperatures in these reactors. As a result, fewer pollutants are generated during the operation of two-stage catalytic heating systems. For example, the temperatures are maintained below 1.000° C. at all oxidation stages.

Described herein are two-stage catalytic heating systems and methods of operating thereof. A system comprises a first-stage catalytic reactor and a second-stage catalytic reactor, configured to operate in sequence and at different operating conditions, For example, the first-stage catalytic reactor is supplied with fuel and oxidant at fuel-rich conditions. The first-stage catalytic reactor generates syngas. The syngas is flown into the second-stage catalytic reactor together with some additional oxidant. The second-stage catalytic reactor operates at fuel-lean conditions and generates exhaust. Splitting the overall fuel oxidation process between the two catalytic reactors allows operating these reactors away from the stoichiometric fuel-oxidant ratio and avoiding excessive temperatures in these reactors. As a result, fewer pollutants are generated during the operation of two-stage catalytic heating systems. For example, the temperatures are maintained below 1.000° C. at all oxidation stages.

A thermophotovoltaic generator incorporating a two-stage combustor for providing heat to a thermophotovoltaic cell. Combustor parts include a partial oxidation reactor, which functions catalytically to convert a hydrocarbon fuel and a first supply of an oxidant into a gaseous partial oxidation product; and further include downstream thereof, a deep oxidation reactor including a premixer plenum fluidly connected to a heat spreader comprising a porous matrix, such as a ceramic foam. Functionally, the deep oxidation reactor converts the gaseous partial oxidation product and a second supply of oxidant into complete combustion products. Heat produced by the two-stage combustor generates radiative energy from a photon emitter, which is directly converted to electricity in a photovoltaic diode cell.

The present disclosure provides a graded oxygen regulating, explosion preventing and recycling system and method for liquid nitrogen wash tail gas, and relates to the technical field of environmental protection and energy utilization. The system provided by the present disclosure includes a multi section catalytic combustor, the multi-section catalytic combustor being divided into a first-section catalytic combustion region, a second-section catalytic combustion region, and a third-section catalytic combustion region, the first-section catalytic combustion region and the second-section catalytic combustion region being internally filled with multiple layers of catalysts that are disposed at intervals, and an air flow guide pipe being arranged above each layer of catalyst; a first-section heat exchanger communicating with the first-section catalytic combustion region; a second-section heat exchanger communicating with the second-section catalytic combustion region; a pulverized coal drying section communicating with the second-section heat exchanger; and a boiler section communicating with the third-section catalytic combustion region.

The present disclosure provides a graded oxygen regulating, explosion preventing and recycling system and method for liquid nitrogen wash tail gas, and relates to the technical field of environmental protection and energy utilization. The system provided by the present disclosure includes a multi section catalytic combustor, the multi-section catalytic combustor being divided into a first-section catalytic combustion region, a second-section catalytic combustion region, and a third-section catalytic combustion region, the first-section catalytic combustion region and the second-section catalytic combustion region being internally filled with multiple layers of catalysts that are disposed at intervals, and an air flow guide pipe being arranged above each layer of catalyst; a first-section heat exchanger communicating with the first-section catalytic combustion region; a second-section heat exchanger communicating with the second-section catalytic combustion region; a pulverized coal drying section communicating with the second-section heat exchanger; and a boiler section communicating with the third-section catalytic combustion region.

A thermophotovoltaic generator incorporating a two-stage combustor for providing heat to a thermophotovoltaic cell. Combustor parts include a partial oxidation reactor, which functions catalytically to convert a hydrocarbon fuel and a first supply of an oxidant into a gaseous partial oxidation product; and further include downstream thereof, a deep oxidation reactor including a premixer plenum fluidly connected to a heat spreader comprising a porous matrix, such as a ceramic foam. Functionally, the deep oxidation reactor converts the gaseous partial oxidation product and a second supply of oxidant into complete combustion products. Heat produced by the two-stage combustor generates radiative energy from a photon emitter, which is directly converted to electricity in a photovoltaic diode cell.

A thermophotovoltaic generator incorporating a two-stage combustor for providing heat to a thermophotovoltaic cell. Combustor parts include a partial oxidation reactor, which functions catalytically to convert a hydrocarbon fuel and a first supply of an oxidant into a gaseous partial oxidation product; and further include downstream thereof, a deep oxidation reactor including a premixer plenum fluidly connected to a heat spreader comprising a porous matrix, such as a ceramic foam. Functionally, the deep oxidation reactor converts the gaseous partial oxidation product and a second supply of oxidant into complete combustion products. Heat produced by the two-stage combustor generates radiative energy from a photon emitter, which is directly converted to electricity in a photovoltaic diode cell.

Described herein are catalytic heating systems, comprising catalytic reactors and dual-mode fuel evaporators, and methods of operating such systems. A dual-mode fuel evaporator is thermally coupled to a catalytic reactor and comprises an electric heater used for preheating the evaporator to at least a fuel-flow threshold temperature. Upon reaching this threshold, the liquid fuel, such as ethanol or methanol, is flown into the evaporator and evaporates therein, forming vaporized fuel. The vaporized fuel is mixed with oxidant, and the mixture is flown into the catalytic reactor where the vaporized fuel undergoes catalytic exothermic oxidation. At least some heat, generated in the catalytic reactor, is transferred to the evaporator and used for the evaporation of additional fuel. When the evaporator reaches or exceeds its operating threshold, the electric heater can be turned off and all heat is supplied to the evaporator from the catalytic reactor.

Disclosed is a combustion chamber (10) of the carbon dioxide supplier including: a combustion chamber (10) combusting a mixture of air and fuel; an air supply unit supplying an into the combustion chamber (10); and a fuel supply unit supply in a fuel to the combustion chamber (10). Representative Figure is FIG. 6.

Disclosed is a combustion chamber (10) of the carbon dioxide supplier including: a combustion chamber (10) combusting a mixture of air and fuel; an air supply unit supplying an into the combustion chamber (10); and a fuel supply unit supply in a fuel to the combustion chamber (10). Representative Figure is FIG. 6.