A method and an apparatus for treating comminuted waste material the method comprising: •a) heating comminuted waste material in a heating chamber (28) using one or more heating means (40a-f) to generate a combustible gas •b) measuring or determining the temperature in the heating chamber; •c) comparing the measured or determined temperature in the heating chamber ((28) with a predetermined temperature range; and •d) adjusting the amount of heat applied by the one or more heating means (40a-f) to the heating chamber (28) to maintain the temperature in the heating chamber within the predetermined temperature range.

A waste incinerator, in a vertical structure and including from the top down: a drying section, a destructive distillation section, a reduction section, and a combustion section. The combustion section includes: two layers of grate bars, a first combustion layer, a second combustion layer, and a third combustion layer. The heat produced from the combustion in the combustion section is used to heat the carbide in the reduction section. The heated carbide reduces CO.sub.2 produced in the combustion into CO (coal gas). The coal gas ascends to the destructive distillation section through the ambient coal gas chamber to heat and destructively distillate the waste to produce the pyrogenic coal gas and the carbide. The carbide drops to the combustion section for combustion, and the pyrogenic coal gas and the coal gas are collected by the draft fan.

A basket for incinerating waste inside an incinerator for a duration longer than fifteen minutes with no need for waste to be molten earlier, particularly when waste is introduced inside the incinerator. The basket includes mainly of a glass fiber envelope: it is preferably stiffened by a lightweight metal structure located inside or outside the envelope or built into it. A gripping handle is installed on top of the assembly that is stiffened at the top by a metal tube to which a lightweight metal structure is fixed and by a base formed from a drip pan fixed to the base of the lightweight metal structure.

A solid hazardous waste pyrolysis process and full-set equipment including a pyrolysis box for hazardous waste and intermittent pyrolysis equipment. The equipment includes an outer and rotatable inner barrel; at least one pyrolysis material placement area is formed in the inner barrel; the placement area formed by multiple groups of guide plates circumferentially arranged on the inner wall of the barrel and baffles arranged on the top of plates at the two ends; each group of plates include vertical and sieve plates that are connected. Hazardous waste placed in the pyrolysis box; a box body is placed between the baffles of the pyrolysis material placement areas; after a pyrolysis device is sealed, heat is carried out to start pyrolysis; the box body rotates at the bottom of the inner barrel; and a material is heated, melts and falls onto the reaction medium below, completing pyrolysis of solid hazardous waste.

A process for producing biocoke is provided, comprising: providing a heated biogas stream comprising carbon-containing vapors; providing a kinetic interface media, in solid form; introducing the kinetic interface media and the heated biogas stream to a kinetic interface reactor, operated to convert at least some of the carbon-containing vapors to biocoke; removing the solid biocoke-containing kinetic interface media from the kinetic interface reactor; and recovering the solid biocoke-containing kinetic interface media. Other variations provide a process for producing biocoke, comprising: providing a bioliquid stream comprising carbon-containing liquids; providing a kinetic interface media, in solid form; introducing the kinetic interface media and the bioliquid stream to a kinetic interface reactor, operated to convert at least some of the carbon-containing liquids to biocoke; removing the solid biocoke-containing kinetic interface media from the kinetic interface reactor; and recovering the solid biocoke-containing kinetic interface media. Many embodiments are described.

In a method for physical and thermochemical treatment of biomass, the biomass moisture content is reduced in a dryer and ammonia (NH.sub.3) is also released from the biomass during drying. The dried biomass is then either pyrolyzed in a pyrolysis reactor and the pyrolysis gas is forwarded to and combusted in a combustion device to form flue gas, or is combusted in a combustion facility unit to form flue gas. In either case the flue gas is fed to a mixer. Oxygen (O.sub.2) is metered to the flue gas in the mixer and is fed directly to the dryer as drying gas. As the drying gas passes through the dryer, the sulfur dioxide (SO.sub.2) contained in the drying gas and/or the sulfur trioxide (SO.sub.3) chemically reacts with the ammonia (NH.sub.3) to form ammonium sulfite ((NH.sub.4).sub.2SO.sub.3) and/or ammonium sulfate ((NH.sub.4).sub.2SO.sub.4). Also a treatment facility physically and thermochemically treats the biomass.

A process for producing biocoke is provided, comprising: providing a heated biogas stream comprising carbon-containing vapors; providing a kinetic interface media, in solid form; introducing the kinetic interface media and the heated biogas stream to a kinetic interface reactor, operated to convert at least some of the carbon-containing vapors to biocoke; removing the solid biocoke-containing kinetic interface media from the kinetic interface reactor; and recovering the solid biocoke-containing kinetic interface media. Other variations provide a process for producing biocoke, comprising: providing a bioliquid stream comprising carbon-containing liquids; providing a kinetic interface media, in solid form; introducing the kinetic interface media and the bioliquid stream to a kinetic interface reactor, operated to convert at least some of the carbon-containing liquids to biocoke; removing the solid biocoke-containing kinetic interface media from the kinetic interface reactor; and recovering the solid biocoke-containing kinetic interface media. Many embodiments are described.

The present disclosure concerns a pyrolysis residue-discharge system fluid-tightly connectable to a pyrolysis reactor delimiting a fuel-containing cavity and having a discharge opening extending therethrough, the pyrolysis residue-discharge system comprising a residue discharge duct defining a residue discharge passageway having an inlet port and an outlet port; and a reactor-connecting end portion having a through opening, the reactor-connecting end portion being fluid-tightly connectable to the pyrolysis reactor to fluidly connect the through opening of the reactor-connecting end portion with the discharge opening of the pyrolysis reactor, the reactor-connecting end portion being fluid-tightly connectable to the residue discharge duct at the inlet port thereof to provide a fluid communication between the fuel-containing cavity of the pyrolysis reactor and the residue discharge passageway via the discharge opening. It also concerns a corresponding pyrolysis reactor assembly and a pyrolysis residue discharge method.

A solid hazardous waste pyrolysis process and full-set equipment including a pyrolysis box for hazardous waste and intermittent pyrolysis equipment. The equipment includes an outer and rotatable inner barrel; at least one pyrolysis material placement area is formed in the inner barrel; the placement area formed by multiple groups of guide plates circumferentially arranged on the inner wall of the barrel and baffles arranged on the top of plates at the two ends; each group of plates include vertical and sieve plates that are connected. Hazardous waste placed in the pyrolysis box; a box body is placed between the baffles of the pyrolysis material placement areas; after a pyrolysis device is sealed, heat is carried out to start pyrolysis; the box body rotates at the bottom of the inner barrel; and a material is heated, melts and falls onto the reaction medium below, completing pyrolysis of solid hazardous waste.

Pyrolysis methods and apparatuses that allow effective heat removal, for example when necessary to achieve a desired throughput or process a desired type of biomass, are disclosed. According to representative methods, the use of a quench medium (e.g., water), either as a primary or a secondary type of heat removal, allows greater control of process temperatures, particularly in the reheater where char, as a solid byproduct of pyrolysis, is combusted. Quench medium may be distributed to one or more locations within the reheater vessel, such as above and/or within a dense phase bed of fluidized particles of a solid heat carrier (e.g., sand) to better control heat removal.