A method for incinerating organic matter derived from the treatment of wastewater, or of industrial or agricultural waste, such as sludge and notably treatment plant sludge, is in a fluidized-bed incineration furnace, the furnace including a chamber in the lower part of which there is a bed of particles, preferentially sand, constituting a fluidization zone, in which fluidization zone the organic matter is introduced as fuel whilst air is injected as oxidizer into the bed of sand from a wind box through a fluidization dome surmounting the box. The air passes through passages made in the fluidization dome, and the furnace is configured to treat a nominal value of volume of organic matter to be treated. The method includes a step of adjusting the volume of the fluidization zone as a function of the volume of organic matter to be treated in which, when the volume of organic matter to be treated is lower than the nominal value, the volume of the fluidization zone is reduced from an initial volume to a reduced volume, and the incoming air flow is reduced by closing air passages so only the passages opening into the thus reduced fluidization zone are left active.

Disclosed is a reactor and method for thermochemically degrading wet biomass without the need for prior drying, in particular microalga-rich substrates. The invention provides a vertical continuous multiphase reactor (VCMR) that simultaneously, progressively and continuously carries out the steps of evaporation, pyrolysis, gasification and combustion, in separate chambers, using indirect heating. The reactor operates at pressures below atmospheric pressure to increase thermal and productive efficiency, using a fraction of the same products as fuel to achieve thermal self-sufficiency. A system for instant evaporation at low temperature by means of adiabatic expansion is used. The reactor has high efficiency and high yield, requiring minimum space, and can be movable. The products obtained from the reactor are synthesis gas, biocarbon and bio-oils, with uses in energy, agriculture, cosmetics, health and construction. The invention also provides a method for obtaining hydrocarbons and energy from high-moisture biomass, wherein the steps are carried out continuously and the method does not need to be interrupted to add new wet biomass for conversion.

A solid feces treatment apparatus includes a dehydrator extracting a liquid component from first solid feces to produce second solid feces, a dryer evaporating a liquid component of the second solid feces to produce third solid feces, and a combustor burning the third solid feces, wherein the second solid feces have a solid content of about 25% to about 30%, and the third solid feces have a solid content greater than or equal to about 90% and less than about 100%.

Energy is generated from cellulosic biofuel waste streams, specifically a lignin filter cake and a waste syrup, by combusting these waste products in a fluidized bed combustor under specified conditions. The heat and steam generated can be used to generate electricity and/or in cellulosic biofuel production processes.

The invention provides a system for pyrolysing organic waste. The system comprises a conical housing (4) configured to temporarily, substantially hermetically, enclose the waste and a mixing device provided with a drive shaft rotatably mounted relative to the housing and a conical mixing body (25) configured inside the housing to fluidise the waste, which mixing body fixedly attached substantially does not touch the housing. The system further comprises heating means (24) for heating the side wall of the housing. This system makes it possible to carry out the processing of organic waste in a batch process. The mixing body prevents a portion of the waste from sticking together by fluidising the waste and keeping it fluidised, whereby the heat generated by the heating means can gradually spread through the waste inside the housing.

Systems and methods for beneficiating a recovered fly ash material and/or recovering fly ash from an impound site are described. The method may include thermally treating a first portion of a recovered fly ash material to form a thermally treated fly ash having a first temperature of at least 1000° F., and contacting the thermally treated fly ash with a second portion of the recovered fly ash material to cool the thermally treated fly ash to a second temperature of less than or equal to 500° F. and form a fly ash product. The fly ash product may have a carbon content less than 8% by weight, based on the total dry weight of the fly ash product.

In a system and process, organic waste is treated in a reactor to volatilize contaminants such as Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) compounds and/or Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs) from the organic waste. Biochar may have reduced or undetectable PFAS compounds or CECs. Most or all of the gas may be thermally oxidized to convert PFAS compounds and/or CECs into less harmful and/or less toxic products or elemental compounds, which may be further removed. Energy may be recovered from one or more parts of the herein described system and process.

The present invention provides a method and a system for processing of waste by anaerobic digestion, said method comprising pre-treatment of a first biological waste stream by thermal hydrolysis and processing of a solid fraction by pyrolysis prior to anaerobic digestion.

The present invention allows for efficient utilization of the energy available in biological waste sources. The method provides an energy efficient method for processing of biological waste having a high degree of recovery of the energy stored in the waste material, wherein the flow of material may be dynamically adjusted to e.g. achieve end products in preferred ratios.

In a method for physical and thermochemical treatment of biomass, the biomass moisture content is reduced in a dryer and ammonia (NH.sub.3) is also released from the biomass during drying. The dried biomass is then either pyrolyzed in a pyrolysis reactor and the pyrolysis gas is forwarded to and combusted in a combustion device to form flue gas, or is combusted in a combustion facility unit to form flue gas. In either case the flue gas is fed to a mixer. Oxygen (O.sub.2) is metered to the flue gas in the mixer and is fed directly to the dryer as drying gas. As the drying gas passes through the dryer, the sulfur dioxide (SO.sub.2) contained in the drying gas and/or the sulfur trioxide (SO.sub.3) chemically reacts with the ammonia (NH.sub.3) to form ammonium sulfite ((NH.sub.4).sub.2SO.sub.3) and/or ammonium sulfate ((NH.sub.4).sub.2SO.sub.4). Also a treatment facility physically and thermochemically treats the biomass.

Systems and methods for beneficiating a recovered fly ash material and/or recovering fly ash from an impound site are described. The method may include thermally treating a first portion of a recovered fly ash material to form a thermally treated fly ash having a first temperature of at least 1000° F., and contacting the thermally treated fly ash with a second portion of the recovered fly ash material to cool the thermally treated fly ash to a second temperature of less than or equal to 500° F. and form a fly ash product. The fly ash product may have a carbon content less than 8% by weight, based on the total dry weight of the fly ash product.