A flame detector including an ultraviolet emitter configured to emit ultraviolet light at a strike voltage less than or equal to approximately 230 volts. A method of manufacturing an ultraviolet emitter for use in a flame detector, the ultraviolet emitter including a hermetically sealed, alkali rich, ultraviolet transmissive glass envelope, the method including: (a) wrapping an envelope exterior surface with a conductive material; (b) performing a first injection of at least one non-radioactive gas into the glass envelope at a first pressure; (c) applying a voltage bias to the glass envelope; (d) baking the hermetically sealed, alkali rich, ultraviolet transmissive glass envelope at a baking temperature for a baking duration of time; (e) cooling the hermetically sealed, alkali rich, ultraviolet transmissive glass envelope to a desired temperature; and (f) performing a second injection of at least one non-radioactive gas into the glass envelope at a second pressure.

A combustion simulation system is provided. The system receives data representing a fluid flow. The data includes a plurality of combustion precursors, including at least one arbitrary combustion precursor that may not correspond to a physically realizable material. The system simulates a chemical combustion reaction involving the plurality of combustion precursors and generating combustion byproducts. The system determines a change in temperature and a molar mass of the combustion byproducts due to the chemical reaction, and determines a divergence of the combustion byproducts based on a combination of the change in the temperature and the change in molar mass. The system then generates one or more data structures of the simulated combustion based on at least a portion of the fluid flow.

A combustion simulation system is provided. The combustion simulation system can be performed using a computing device operated by a computer user or artist. The computer-implemented method of simulating a combustion process includes receiving a set of data representing a fluid flow. The fluid flow can include combustion precursors comprising at least one arbitrary combustion precursor. The method includes simulating a chemical reaction representing simulated combustion involving the at least one arbitrary combustion precursor and generating combustion byproducts. The method can include determining a change in temperature of the combustion byproducts due to the chemical reaction, determining a change in molar mass of the combustion byproducts due to the chemical reaction, determining a divergence of the combustion byproducts based on a combination of the change in the temperature and the change in molar mass, and generating data structures of the simulated combustion based on values of the fluid flow.

A combustion simulation system is provided. The combustion simulation system can be performed using a computing device operated by a computer user or artist. The system may include a computer-readable medium storing instructions, which when executed by at least one processor, cause the system to receive data representing a fluid flow. The data includes a plurality of combustion precursors, including at least one arbitrary combustion precursor that may not correspond to a physically realizable material. The system simulates a chemical combustion reaction involving the plurality of combustion precursors and generating combustion byproducts. The system determines a change in temperature and a molar mass of the combustion byproducts due to the chemical reaction, and determines a divergence of the combustion byproducts based on a combination of the change in the temperature and the change in molar mass. The system then generates one or more data structures of the simulated combustion based on at least a portion of the fluid flow.

A flame detector including an ultraviolet emitter configured to emit ultraviolet light at a strike voltage less than or equal to approximately 230 volts. A method of manufacturing an ultraviolet emitter for use in a flame detector, the ultraviolet emitter including a hermetically sealed, alkali rich, ultraviolet transmissive glass envelope, the method including: (a) wrapping an envelope exterior surface with a conductive material; (b) performing a first injection of at least one non-radioactive gas into the glass envelope at a first pressure; (c) applying a voltage bias to the glass envelope; (d) baking the hermetically sealed, alkali rich, ultraviolet transmissive glass envelope at a baking temperature for a baking duration of time; (e) cooling the hermetically sealed, alkali rich, ultraviolet transmissive glass envelope to a desired temperature; and (f) performing a second injection of at least one non-radioactive gas into the glass envelope at a second pressure.