Thermal energy systems for managing, distribution and recovery of thermal energy. A single-pipe loop circulating a two-phase refrigerant is provided. The single-pipe loop is spread through the entire system and interconnects a plurality of local heat exchange stations, each having different thermal energy loads. A central circulation mechanism (CCM) is also provided for circulating the refrigerant for distribution of thermal energy within the system.

Heat exchanger output control device in a one-pipe heating network characterized in that a first T-branch, which is connected to a second T-branch interconnected to a primary outlet pipe connection of a primary outlet pipe to a heat source through a primary outlet, is connected to the primary inlet pipe connection through a primary inlet. The first T-branch is connected to a secondary supply pipe connection through a secondary supply pipe with a secondary supply temperature sensor, and the second T-branch is connected to a secondary return pipe connection through a secondary return pipe with an additional secondary return temperature sensor. An impeller of a pump is connected to a secondary circuit to pump the heat-transfer medium from the first T-branch through a heat exchanger back to the second T-branch, and to connected to a electrical motor provided with a control unit connected to secondary supply and return temperature sensors.

A hot water apparatus includes a heat exchanger and a housing. A case of the heat exchanger has a circumferential wall portion, a lower opening, and a flange portion. A case of the housing has a flange portion, a circumferential wall portion, and an upper opening. The circumferential wall portion includes a downwardly-extending wall portion inserted into the inside of the circumferential wall portion through the upper opening. In a state where the downwardly-extending wall portion is arranged inside the circumferential wall portion, the lower opening is located below an upper surface of the flange portion, and a flange connection is formed between the heat exchanger and the housing.

Thermal energy systems for managing, distribution and recovery of thermal energy. A single-pipe loop circulating a two-phase refrigerant is provided. The single-pipe loop is spread through the entire system and interconnects a plurality of local heat exchange stations, each having different thermal energy loads. A central circulation mechanism (CCM) is also provided for circulating the refrigerant for distribution of thermal energy within the system.

Heat exchanger output control device in a one-pipe heating network characterized in that a first T-branch, which is connected to a second T-branch interconnected to a primary outlet pipe connection of a primary outlet pipe to a heat source through a primary outlet, is connected to the primary inlet pipe connection through a primary inlet. The first T-branch is connected to a secondary supply pipe connection through a secondary supply pipe with a secondary supply temperature sensor, and the second T-branch is connected to a secondary return pipe connection through a secondary return pipe with an additional secondary return temperature sensor. An impeller of a pump is connected to a secondary circuit to pump the heat-transfer medium from the first T-branch through a heat exchanger back to the second T-branch, and to connected to a electrical motor provided with a control unit connected to secondary supply and return temperature sensors.

A hot water apparatus includes a heat exchanger and a housing. A case has a circumferential wall portion, a lower opening, and a flange portion. A case has a flange portion, a circumferential wall portion, and an upper opening. The circumferential wall portion includes a downwardly-extending wall portion inserted into the inside of the circumferential wall portion through the upper opening. In a state where the downwardly-extending wall portion is arranged inside the circumferential wall portion, the lower opening is located below an upper surface of the flange portion.