A method of defrosting a heat pump device including a water tank, a heat exchanger, an electrical heating element, an evaporator, a fan for the evaporator, and a control unit. In a first operating mode, the heat pump device is controlled to heat water inside the water tank. In a second operating mode, the electrical heating element is manually activated to additionally heat the water inside the water tank. In a third operating mode, the electrical heating element is automatically activating to heat the water in the storage tank if: the power supplied by the heat pump device to heat the water inside the water tank is not sufficient; if a time limit after activation of a deicing operation has lapsed; and/or if the number of times the deicing operation has been activated during a predetermined time interval exceeds a threshold value.

Disclosed is a system and method for monitoring hot water supply in a load control network, and more particularly for ensuring that there is sufficient hot water available for a customer participating in a demand response program that uses, at least in part, water heaters as a component of the demand response program. A multi-meter that is external to the water heater is used to monitor an electrical power supply circuit on the water heater, to report preferably volts, amps, and power factor of the water heater. The multi-meter may use these measured values to, in turn, determine a current charge state of the water heater and thus ensure maintenance of an adequate supply of hot water, even in times of demand response curtailment.

A closed-loop temperature controller employing at least two sensors: a control temperature sensor and a safety sensor at the heat-transfer element. The heat-generating element is separated from the controlled mass/volume by a transport delay so that the mass or volume that is being heated or cooled is located in a vessel which is located remotely from the heat-transfer unit. Thermally conducting fluid flows through a conduit that connects the heat-transfer unit to the vessel. Upon fluid flow interruption or control sensor removal, the temperature controller quickly detects thermal runaway before the safety sensor has reached the critical temperature. In heated systems, the temperature controller will therefore minimize direct damage and/or overshoot damage caused by excessive heat. It will also maintain the heater's output at an elevated, but non-damaging level to enable a fast recovery to the original setpoint temperature after the nonlinearity subsides.

The present disclosure discloses a method and apparatus for measuring carbon emission of a district heating system, an electronic device, and a medium. The method includes: obtaining a steady carbon emission amount of a current district heating system using a pre-trained steady carbon emission flow model; obtaining a dynamic carbon emission amount of the current district heating system using a pre-trained dynamic carbon emission flow model; and counting a carbon emission amount of the current district heating system based on the steady carbon emission amount and the dynamic carbon emission amount. Therefore, the present disclosure can effectively identify carbon emission details of each link of a source, a grid, and a load of the district heating system, clarify carbon emission responsibilities on both a source side and a load side, and realize accurate measurement of carbon emission of the district heating system, which has high application value.

The present disclosure discloses a method and apparatus for measuring carbon emission of a district heating system, an electronic device, and a medium. The method includes: obtaining a steady carbon emission amount of a current district heating system using a pre-trained steady carbon emission flow model; obtaining a dynamic carbon emission amount of the current district heating system using a pre-trained dynamic carbon emission flow model; and counting a carbon emission amount of the current district heating system based on the steady carbon emission amount and the dynamic carbon emission amount. Therefore, the present disclosure can effectively identify carbon emission details of each link of a source, a grid, and a load of the district heating system, clarify carbon emission responsibilities on both a source side and a load side, and realize accurate measurement of carbon emission of the district heating system, which has high application value.

The disclosed technology includes an on-demand water heater which uses an electric heat source to heat the water. The on-demand water heater can have a low fluid capacity heating chamber which has an inlet and an outlet, an electric heat source for heating the water, and a controller to control the electric heat source and maintain the temperature of the water at a predetermined temperature setting. The on-demand water heater can be powered by a direct current power source. The on-demand water heater can also utilize a solar thermal system to provide additional heat to the water.

An electric integrated circuit water heater apparatus includes: a cold water inlet for allowing input of cold water into a storage tank with heating elements comprised of integrated circuits configured to exchange heat from the heating elements to the water in the storage tank through a heat exchanger, in which heat produced by running the integrated circuits is recovered into the heat exchanger, thereby heating the stored water by using heat from the integrated circuits. A hot water outlet is provided in the upper portion of storage tank such that the water will have passed all of the heating elements prior to exiting the hot water outlet.

A combination water heating, air conditioning refrigerant system is described. The combined system includes a plurality of independently adjustable electronic expansion valves. The expansion valves can independently modulate the delivery of high-temperature, high-pressure refrigerant to either a water heat exchanger or an outside condenser. A controller can receive input signals, including temperature signals from one or more temperature sensors that indicate the temperature at various locations of the system. The temperature signals include one or more of water temperature signals, ambient air temperature signals, or refrigerant super heat temperatures signals. In response to the input signals, the controller can output control signals to one or more of the plurality of electronic expansion valves.

A fluid sensor system detects one or more performance characteristics of a heating system that heats a fluid. The sensor system includes a probe having a finite length a portion of which is to be immersed in the fluid. The probe includes a resistive heating element and a fluid temperature sensor for measuring one or more performance characteristics, wherein the fluid temperature sensor is configured to measure a fluid temperature, and the resistive heating element is operable as a heater to create a temperature differential between the fluid and air to detect the fluid, and as a sensor to measure a fluid level.

The disclosed technology includes a system and method of preventing short cycling in a water heater. The system can include a burner, a temperature sensor, and a controller. The controller can be configured to perform several steps to determine whether to turn on a burner and whether to increment a temperature offset value based on the amount of time that has elapsed since the last time the burner was on.