In a throttle device depressurizing and sending a refrigerant condensed by the condenser to the evaporator, hunting of a needle valve is prevented and hysteresis in differential pressure-flow rate characteristics in a high-pressure region is reduced. A valve seat member, in which a valve port is formed, and a cylindrical guide member, which is integral with the valve seat member, are provided in a cylindrical main body case configuring a primary chamber connected to the condenser and a secondary chamber connected to the evaporator. The needle valve and a coil spring energizing toward the valve port are provided in the guide member. A blade member is provided on a boss portion of the needle valve. A blade of the blade member abuts on a cylindrical guide surface of the guide member to apply sliding resistance.

The application relates to a cooling system, the cooling system having: an evaporator, a first compressor, a second compressor, a cooling component, an expansion device and a line system that connects the evaporator, the first compressor, the second compressor, the cooling component and the expansion device to one another. The cooling system includes a refrigerant, wherein the refrigerant comprises carbon dioxide. The first compressor and the second compressor are arranged in series with one another. The application also relates to a corresponding laboratory instrument.

The application relates to a cooling system, the cooling system having: an evaporator, a first compressor, a second compressor, a cooling component, an expansion device and a line system that connects the evaporator, the first compressor, the second compressor, the cooling component and the expansion device to one another. The cooling system includes a refrigerant, wherein the refrigerant comprises carbon dioxide. The first compressor and the second compressor are arranged in series with one another. The application also relates to a corresponding laboratory instrument.

Thermal management systems include an open circuit refrigeration system featuring a first receiver configured to store a gas, a second receiver configured to store a liquid refrigerant fluid, an evaporator configured to extract heat from a heat load that contacts the evaporator, and an exhaust line, where the first receiver, the second receiver, the evaporator, and the exhaust line are connected to provide a refrigerant fluid flow path.

Thermal management systems include an open circuit refrigeration system featuring a first receiver configured to store a gas, a second receiver configured to store a liquid refrigerant fluid, an evaporator configured to extract heat from a heat load that contacts the evaporator, and an exhaust line, where the first receiver, the second receiver, the evaporator, and the exhaust line are connected to provide a refrigerant fluid flow path.

A multifunctional expansion valve may include a second exit, and a chamber fluidically-communicating with the first entry, the second entry, the first exit, and the second exit, and a needle valve movably mounted in the chamber of the valve body along up and down directions, wherein the first entry and the first exit are selectively fluidically-communicated to each other and the second entry and the second exit are selectively fluidically-communicated to each other according to a position of the needle valve.

A multifunctional expansion valve may include a second exit, and a chamber fluidically-communicating with the first entry, the second entry, the first exit, and the second exit, and a needle valve movably mounted in the chamber of the valve body along up and down directions, wherein the first entry and the first exit are selectively fluidically-communicated to each other and the second entry and the second exit are selectively fluidically-communicated to each other according to a position of the needle valve.

A thermal sensing bulb (102) for an expansion valve (104) in a refrigerant system, the bulb containing a ballast material (108), the ballast material including alumina. More particularly, the ballast material (108) includes alpha alumina, which may be in the form of a plurality of discrete particles having a desired surface area, particle size, and/or particle size distribution.

A thermal sensing bulb (102) for an expansion valve (104) in a refrigerant system, the bulb containing a ballast material (108), the ballast material including alumina. More particularly, the ballast material (108) includes alpha alumina, which may be in the form of a plurality of discrete particles having a desired surface area, particle size, and/or particle size distribution.

Thermal management systems include an open circuit refrigeration system featuring a first receiver configured to store a gas, a second receiver configured to store a liquid refrigerant fluid, an evaporator configured to extract heat from a heat load that contacts the evaporator, and an exhaust line, where the first receiver, the second receiver, the evaporator, and the exhaust line are connected to provide a refrigerant fluid flow path.