Provided are airplane trim systems and methods of controlling such systems. These systems utilize smaller portions of the stabilizer total travel range for takeoff trims, in comparison to other trim systems. A trim system described includes stabilizer and elevator, and these components are used together to achieved a takeoff total tail pitching moment. The elevator or, at least a portion of the elevator operating range, is available for flight control. As such, takeoff trim settings include stabilizer and elevator orientation settings. Addition of the elevator to control the takeoff tail pitching moment allows reducing the stabilizer total travel. The elevator orientation can be changed much faster than that of the stabilizer providing pilot more control.

An apparatus is provided for sensing an analyte in a fluid. The apparatus includes a fluid collecting device configured to collect the fluid containing the analyte; a fluid input in fluid communication with the fluid collecting device configured to input the fluid containing the analyte into the fluid collecting device, an analyte interactant in fluid communication with the fluid collecting device, wherein the analyte interactant, when contacted by the analyte, reacts to cause a first change in thermal energy within the fluid collecting device; a modulator that causes a second change in thermal energy; a thermal sensing device comprising at least one pyroelectric device thermally coupled to the fluid collecting device to generate a first signal in response to at least one of the first change in thermal energy and the second change in thermal energy; a control device operatively coupled to the thermal sensing device and the modulator that generates a second signal, wherein the second signal comprises information useful in characterizing the analyte. A related method also is disclosed.

The invention relates to a method for transmitting data between a first unit which accumulates data that has been generated with a first frequency and a second unit which requests the accumulated data with a second frequency. The method has the steps of requesting a first total increment and a first value, which represents a time increment belonging to the first total increment, from the first unit, said first total increment being the data content of the accumulated data block provided at the request time in the first unit; generating a second total increment from the first total increment using the first value, the second total increment being the data content of a data block adapted to a nominal time increment of the second frequency; and transmitting the second total increment to the second unit.

An apparatus is provided for sensing an analyte in a fluid. The apparatus includes a fluid collecting device configured to collect the fluid containing the analyte; a fluid input in fluid communication with the fluid collecting device configured to input the fluid containing the analyte into the fluid collecting device, an analyte interactant in fluid communication with the fluid collecting device, wherein the analyte interactant, when contacted by the analyte, reacts to cause a first change in thermal energy within the fluid collecting device; a modulator that causes a second change in thermal energy; a thermal sensing device comprising at least one pyroelectric device thermally coupled to the fluid collecting device to generate a first signal in response to at least one of the first change in thermal energy and the second change in thermal energy; a control device operatively coupled to the thermal sensing device and the modulator that generates a second signal, wherein the second signal comprises information useful in characterizing the analyte. A related method also is disclosed.