A multi-function controller, comprising a control element, a support element, at least a first light emitter and at least a first light receiver. A multi-function controller, comprising a control element, at least a first magnet and at least a first sensor. In some aspects, one or more occluders is provided. In some aspects, a control element is rotatable and/or tiltable, and/or the control element can be pushed or pulled, and movement of the control element is detected optically or by Hall effect sensors. In some aspects, an icon cap is not rotatable. A method comprising rotating and/or tilting a control element on a multi-function controller, and detecting a position of the control element.

A light barrel configured to filter out stray light of a test light includes a casing and a number of light shield plates arranged within the casing. The light shield plates are parallel to each other and arranged within the casing along a direction in which the light source emits the test light. Each of the light shield plates defines a through hole for light from the test light to pass through. The through holes of the light shield plates are a same size and aligned. The light shield plates sequentially filter out stray light that does not pass through the through holes.

A detecting device of the present disclosure includes a light emitting portion that emits light and a light receiving portion including an angle limiting member that limits an angle of incidence of light from the light emitting portion, wherein the light receiving portion has a first light receiving region and a second light receiving region that is spaced further from the light emitting portion than the first light receiving region is, the angle limiting member includes a first limiting region corresponding to the first light receiving region and a second limiting region corresponding to the second light receiving region, and the degree of angle limitation of the second limiting region is smaller than the degree of angle limitation of the first limiting region.

Systems, methods and apparatus are provided for monitoring soil properties including soil moisture, soil electrical conductivity and soil temperature during an agricultural input application. Embodiments include a soil reflectivity sensor and/or a soil temperature sensor mounted to a seed firmer for measuring moisture and temperature in a planting trench. A thermopile for measuring temperature via infrared radiation is described herein. In one example, the thermopile is disposed in a body and senses infrared radiation through an infrared transparent window. Aspects of any of the disclosed embodiments may be implemented in or communicate with an agricultural intelligence computer system as described herein.

An electronic device is provided, which includes an enclosure, an output component, a display screen and an optical sensor. The output component and the display screen are mounted on the enclosure. The output component includes a packaging shell, an infrared supplementary lighting lamp and a proximity infrared lamp; the packaging shell includes a packaging substrate; the infrared supplementary lighting lamp and the proximity infrared lamp are packaged in the packaging shell and born on the packaging substrate. The display screen is provided with a non-opaque entity region and includes a front surface capable of displaying a picture and a back surface back on to the front surface. The optical sensor is arranged on a side, where the back surface is positioned, of the display screen and corresponds to the non-opaque entity region.

The present disclosure provides an ultraviolet radiation control system and a related method for control an ultraviolet radiation in a lithographic apparatus. The ultraviolet radiation control system comprises a housing; a conversion crystal (540), disposed on or in the housing, configured to convert an ultraviolet radiation to a fluorescent radiation; a plurality of photodetectors (550) configured to detect an intensity of a scattered portion of the fluorescent radiation; and at least one diffusive surface (545), disposed on or in the conversion crystal, configured to increase the intensity of the scattered portion of the fluorescent radiation.

A window portion has a membrane that separates a space inside a container and a space outside the container, and a structure (glass structure) that is bonded to the membrane to support the membrane. The membrane and the structure are bonded by anodic bonding, and a chemical bonding layer is formed between them. The structure is composed of a grid having a plurality of openings, and an outer frame around the grid. A metal layer may be provided between the membrane and the structure.

An optical sensor includes a first light emitting diode (LED), a second LED, a first photodiode (PD), and a second PD. The first LED and the second LED are configured to irradiate an optical-axis center point of an intermediate transfer belt. The first PD is arranged at a position at which specularly reflected light of light emitted from the first LED and diffused reflected light of light emitted from the second LED are received. The second PD is arranged at a position at which diffused reflected light of the light emitted from the first LED is received.

Manufacturing opto-electronic modules (1) includes providing a substrate wafer (PW) on which detecting members (D) are arranged; providing a spacer wafer (SW); providing an optics wafer (OW), the optics wafer comprising transparent portions (t) transparent for light generally detectable by the detecting members and at least one blocking portion (b) for substantially attenuating or blocking incident light generally detectable by the detecting members; and preparing a wafer stack (2) in which the spacer wafer (SW) is arranged between the substrate wafer (PW) and the optics wafer (OW) such that the detecting members (D) are arranged between the substrate wafer and the optics wafer. Emission members (E) for emitting light generally detectable by the detecting members (D) can be arranged on the substrate wafer (PW). Single modules (1) can be obtained by separating the wafer stack (2) into separate modules.

An optical measuring device includes an integrator formed with an incident opening on which excitation light is to be incident and an exit opening from which measurement light is to exit, a light guide unit for guiding the measurement light that exits from the exit opening, and a light detecting unit for detecting the measurement light guided by the light guide unit. The light guide unit includes a plurality of light guide members arranged so that incident end surfaces of the light guide members face the inside of the integrator through the exit opening. The light detecting unit detects the measurement light that is guided by at least one of the plurality of light guide members. Light-receiving regions of the plurality of light guide members on the incident end surface side overlap with each other in the integrator.