Modulation-encoded light, using different spectral bin coded light components, can illuminate a stationary or moving (relative) target object or scene. Response signal processing can use information about the respective different time-varying modulation functions, to decode to recover information about a respective response parameter affected by the target object or scene. Electrical or optical modulation encoding can be used. LED-based spectroscopic analysis of a composition of a target (e.g., SpO2, glucose, etc.) can be performed; such can optionally include decoding of encoded optical modulation functions. Baffles or apertures or optics can be used, such as to constrain light provided by particular LEDs. Coded light illumination can be used with a focal plane array light imager receiving response light for inspecting a moving semiconductor or other target. Encoding can use orthogonal functions, such as an RGB illumination sequence, or a sequence of combinations of spectrally contiguous or non-contiguous colors.

A spectrometry device includes a switch and a converter. The switch acquires a first reception signal and a second reception signal that respectively include information relating to an optical spectrum and switches between outputting the first reception signal and outputting the second reception signal based on control by a controller. The converter converts the first reception signal or the second reception signal output from the switch into a digital signal.

A measuring apparatus for measuring a spectrum of a gaseous sample includes a tunable laser light source to provide an illuminating light beam, a sample cell with an inner surface to provide scrambled light that is transmitted through the gaseous sample, a detector to detect intensity of transmitted scrambled light and a pressure control system to maintain an absolute pressure of the gaseous sample smaller than 50 kPa inside the sample cell to reduce spectral widths of spectral features of the gaseous sample. The measuring apparatus measures spectral transmittance values of the sample by modulating the spectral position of the illuminating light, and detecting the intensity of the transmitted light at different spectral positions. The divergence of the illuminating light beam in a transverse direction is greater than 20° to cause multiple consecutive reflections of the scrambled light from the inner surface.

An endoscopic imaging system for use in a light deficient environment includes an imaging device having a tube, one or more image sensors, and a lens assembly including at least one optical elements that corresponds to the one or more image sensors. The endoscopic system includes a display for a user to visualize a scene and an image signal processing controller. The endoscopic system includes a light engine having an illumination source generating one or more pulses of electromagnetic radiation and a lumen transmitting one or more pulses of electromagnetic radiation to a distal tip of an endoscope.

In an embodiment, an apparatus (100) is described. The apparatus comprises an infrared, IR, generating system (102). The IR generating system comprises a first IR source (104) configured to produce IR radiation for forming a first IR beam (106) in a first spectral band. The IR generating system further comprises a second IR source (108) configured to produce IR radiation for forming a second IR beam (110) in a second spectral band. The apparatus further comprises a beam manipulation system (112) configured to combine a beam path of the first and second IR beams and direct the first and second IR beams along the beam path through a gas sample region (114). The apparatus further comprises an IR detection system (116) configured to detect an intensity of the first and second IR beams after passage through the gas sample region. The IR detection system is configured to produce a signal (118) from which an indication of a concentration of a target gas in the gas sample region can be derived.

A beating spectroscopy device includes: first and second quantum cascade lasers; a quantum cascade detector; and a sample holder configured to hold a sample on an optical path between the second quantum cascade laser and the quantum cascade detector. Lights from the first and second quantum cascade lasers are detected by the quantum cascade detector while a wavelength of the light from the second quantum cascade laser is changed to scan a frequency of a beating signal having a frequency in accordance with a wavelength difference between the lights from the first and second quantum cascade lasers.

Provided is a spectrum processing apparatus for removing noise, caused by a change in temperature, from a spectrum. The spectrum processing apparatus includes: a temperature modulator configured to perform modulation of a temperature of an object; a spectrometer configured to obtain a first spectrum based on the temperature of the object that is changed by the modulation; and a spectrum processor configured to extract a temperature change vector based on the first spectrum, and to correct a second spectrum based on the extracted temperature change vector.

Modulation-encoded light, using different spectral bin coded light components, can illuminate a stationary or moving (relative) target object or scene. Response signal processing can use information about the respective different time-varying modulation functions, to decode to recover information about a respective response parameter affected by the target object or scene. Electrical or optical modulation encoding can be used. LED-based spectroscopic analysis of a composition of a target (e.g., SpO2, glucose, etc.) can be performed; such can optionally include decoding of encoded optical modulation functions. Baffles or apertures or optics can be used, such as to constrain light provided by particular LEDs. Coded light illumination can be used with a focal plane array light imager receiving response light for inspecting a moving semiconductor or other target. Encoding can use orthogonal functions, such as an RGB illumination sequence, or a sequence of combinations of spectrally contiguous or non-contiguous colors.

An optical detector (1) on an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) comprises at least one photodiode (5) for receiving incident light and configured to provide at least one diode signal, a modulator (2) configured to provide an AC drive signal and to provide a reference signal associated with the AC drive signal; and a lock-in amplifier (6) configured to receive said at least one diode signal from said at least one photodiode (5) and to receive the reference signal from the modulator (2), and to determine at least one of a phase and an amplitude of said at least one diode signal using the reference signal.

Detector data representative of an intensity of light that impinges on a detector after being emitted from a light source and passing through a gas over a path length can be analyzed using a first analysis method to obtain a first calculation of an analyte concentration in the volume of gas and a second analysis method to obtain a second calculation of the analyte concentration. The second calculation can be promoted as the analyte concentration upon determining that the analyte concentration is out of a first target range for the first analysis method.