An article of manufacture comprises a surface that includes a first region and a surface treatment over the first region. The first region includes a depiction of a real-world object and the surface treatment exhibits a first light reflectance value. The real-world object exhibits a second light reflectance value, and the first light reflectance value is within 30 percent of the second light reflectance value. The article of manufacture may include an article of clothing or a durable good.

In one or more implementations, the apparatus, systems and methods disclosed herein are directed to calibrating a smart phone with an arbitrary phone case for color lookup applications, wherein the calibration process includes obtaining, with the smartphone without the case equipped, a first measurement data set that includes at least one measurement of each of a black, white and grey calibration target; obtaining, with the smartphone with the case equipped, at least three exposure measurements of a white calibration target at least three different exposure times; calculating an optimized exposure time using at least the at least three exposure measurements; obtaining, with the smartphone with the case equipped, a second measurement data set that includes at least one measurement of each of a black, white and grey calibration target at the optimized exposure time; generating fitting parameters from the first and second measurement datasets; and storing the generated fitting parameters and optimized exposure time in at least one of a local or remote data storage device.

A method for generating a highly distinctive signature of a certain diamond, the method may include generating, based on one or more images of the certain diamond, a certain diamond signature of the certain diamond; finding, out of a group of reference diamonds, other diamonds having other diamond signatures; wherein the finding comprises calculating similarities between the certain diamond signature and reference diamond signatures of the reference diamonds of the group; and generating a new certain diamond signature that significantly differs from signatures of the other diamonds.

A management method of a lubricating oil of the invention is a method of managing a lubricating oil by determining a degradation degree of the lubricating oil containing an antioxidant, specifically, according to determination methods a and b below. The determination method a includes: measuring an infrared ray absorption spectrum of the lubricating oil using a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer; and calculating a total content of the antioxidant and an altered substance having an antioxidant function to determine a deterioration degree of the lubricating oil from the obtained content. The determination method b includes: filtrating the lubricating oil with a filter; subsequently measuring a color difference of substances captured by the filter using a colorimeter, or measuring a color difference of the lubricating oil using the colorimeter; and determining a degradation degree of the lubricating oil and a mixture degree of foreign substances based on the obtained color difference.

A method for illumination of an object to be observed to be observed and the background, the method comprising the steps of: obtaining a relationship between wavelength and spectral radiance of the object while the object and the background are illuminated by a first light source that emits light that has a continuous spectrum in the wavelength range from 380 nanometers and 780 nanometers, and determining a value of representative wavelength that corresponds to a maximum value of the spectral radiance of the object plotted against wavelength or values of representative wavelength that correspond to maximum values of the spectral radiance of the object plotted against wavelength; determining a value or values of comparative wavelength; and illuminating the object and the background with light of the value or values of representative wavelength and light of the value or values of comparative wavelength.

A method of adapting a Lab setpoint color value of multicolored printed products, wherein a special color is replaced by process colors using an ICC color profile. A measurement point that is assigned to the replaced special color on the printed product is metrologically acquired using a color measuring system and a Lab actual color value of the measurement point is calculated. The ICC color profile or a standardized ICC color profile is used for computing the color composition of the Lab setpoint color value from the participating process colors. Changes of the layer thicknesses of the participating process colors are ascertained to achieve a predetermined Lab setpoint color value of the measurement point using a digital tool or a digital model. The participating process colors are adapted using the ascertained changes of their layer thicknesses.

System and methods for matching color and appearance of a target coating are provided herein. The system includes an electronic imaging device configured to receive a target image data of the target coating. The target image data includes target coating features. The system further includes one or more feature extraction algorithms that extracts the target image features from the target image data. The system further includes a machine-learning model that identifies a calculated match sample image from a plurality of sample images utilizing the target image features. The machine-learning model includes pre-specified matching criteria representing the plurality of sample images for identifying the calculated match sample image from the plurality of sample images. The calculated match sample image is utilized for matching color and appearance of the target coating.

Described herein is a computer-implemented method. The method includes: providing digital images and respective formulas for coating compositions with known pigments and/or pigment classes associated with the respective digital images, classifying, using an image annotation tool, for each digital image, each pixel, by visually reviewing the respective digital image pixel-wise, providing, for each digital image, an associated pixel-wise annotated image, training a first neural network with the provided digital images as input and the associated pixel-wise annotated images as output, making the trained first neural network available for applying the trained first neural network to at least one unknown input image of a target coating and for assigning a pigment label and/or a pigment class label to each pixel in the at least one unknown input image, and determining and/or outputting, for each unknown input image, a statistic of corresponding identified pigments and/or pigment classes, respectively.

The invention relates to a method for online quality control of decorative prints on substrate materials, including similarity comparisons of actual and target images and adjusting decorative prints if deviations of color values are detected. The method may include the steps of: a) producing a hyperspectral digital image of a print decoration; b) calibrating the print decoration via a hyperspectral digital image; c) producing and storing a digital target image of the print decoration; d) creating a first print decoration on a first substrate material; e) producing and storing a digital actual image of the printed decoration on the first substrate material; f) determining color deviations between the digital target image and the digital actual image via a computer program; and g) printing on at least one side of substrate materials so as to form a decorative layer. The invention also relates to a device for carrying out the method.

Processor implemented systems and methods for matching color and appearance of a target coating are provided herein. A system includes a storage device for storing instructions, and one or more data processors. The data processor(s) are configured to execute instructions to receive a target image of a target coating. The data processor(s) are also configured to apply a feature extraction analysis process that divides the target image into a plurality of target pixels for image analysis.