A multi-angle colorimeter includes an index calculation unit that calculates, based on a predetermined calculation formula, an index corresponding to luminance of a glittering material used in metallic coating or pearl coating by using optical parameters for color evaluation of the metallic coating or pearl coating on a surface of an object.

Data of a captured image including a polarized image is acquired (S10), and space information relating to a position and a posture of a subject in a real space and the position and the posture on an imaging plane is acquired using the captured image data (S12). Next, a polarization degree distribution is acquired from a polarized image of a plurality of orientations (S14), and a position of a light source is acquired by specifying an image of a true light source by threshold value determination of the polarization degree (S16). A reflection characteristic is acquired by applying a rendering equation under assumption that luminance of the captured image is already known (S18), and a material suitable therewith is specified as a material of the subject (S20). Processing according to the material is performed to generate output data and output the data (S22).

Light can be used to monitor coating a liquid on a substrate. By directing the light to a spot on the substrate, when the liquid passes through the spot, some light will be reflected, while some light will be scattered. Monitoring this behavior can indicate whether a substrate has been successfully coated with the liquid, as well as identifying defects. Further, coating times can be monitored to make process adjustments.

A housing includes a first opening and a second opening, and encloses a light-emitting element and a first light receiving unit. The first opening is provided in a first light guide path, and is arranged so that light output from the light-emitting element travels toward a target surface. The second opening is provided in a second light guide path arranged between the target surface and the first light receiving unit. The first opening is an exit opening of a through-hole provided penetrating through the housing, and a shape of the through-hole is a shape in which diffracted light of the +1st order and higher orders and diffracted light of the −1st order and higher orders produced at the target surface to be irradiated are not incident on the first light receiving unit.

An optical sensor includes a first light emitting diode (LED), a second LED, a first photodiode (PD), and a second PD. The first LED and the second LED are configured to irradiate an optical-axis center point of an intermediate transfer belt. The first PD is arranged at a position at which specularly reflected light of light emitted from the first LED and diffused reflected light of light emitted from the second LED are received. The second PD is arranged at a position at which diffused reflected light of the light emitted from the first LED is received.

Gloss of a surface having a concave-convex structure is measured, and R/V, which is a ratio of a diffuse specular reflection intensity R to a sum total V of diffuse reflection intensities (in formula, the diffuse specular reflection intensity R represents a diffuse reflection intensity measured at an aperture angle of 1 degree by a variable-angle photometer in a diffuse specular reflection direction when visible light is radiated, at an angle of 45 degrees from a normal line, to the surface having the concave-convex structure of the anti-glare film, and the sum total V of diffuse reflection intensities represents a sum total of diffuse reflection intensities measured at an aperture angle of 1 degree by a variable-angle photometer for every 1 degree from −45 degrees up to 45 degrees, including 0 degrees, with respect to the diffuse specular reflection direction when visible light is radiated, at an angle of 45 degrees from a normal line, to the surface having the concave-convex structure of the anti-glare film), is evaluated to manufacture an anti-glare film. The above-described method enables an anti-glare film having high anti-glare properties and high contrast to be manufactured at high productivity.

Provided herein are methods of detecting exosomes, including unlabeled exosomes. In some embodiments, the methods include disposing a fluidic sample that comprises a plurality of exosomes in a chamber that is positioned at least partially within a fluidic device in which an inner surface of the chamber comprises a first set of exosome binding moieties that are capable of binding the exosomes. In some embodiments, the methods also include binding a portion of the plurality of exosomes to a portion of the first set of exosome binding moieties to produce surface-bound exosomes, introducing an incident light toward the inner surface of the chamber prior to, concurrent with, and/or after, producing the surface-bound exosomes, and detecting light scattered by the surface-bound exosomes to produce a set of exosome imaging data. Related fluidic devices, systems, and computer readable media are also provided.

An apparatus (10) comprising: a light source (12); to cast light toward a substrate (20) defining a bacteria binding volume to create an evanescent field (22), the bacteria binding volume being within the evanescent field; a detector (32, 34) arranged to receive light from the bacteria binding volume and output data (36, 37); and a processor (38) arranged to determine vibration of bacteria (26) with the bacteria binding volume in three-dimensions from the data.

A measurement device configured to measure reflection characteristic of a test surface includes: an illumination unit configured to illuminate the test surface with light from a light source; a detection unit configured to detect reflected light distribution from the test surface illuminated by the illumination unit; and a processing unit configured to obtain information indicating a degree of diffusion, information regarding a light amount of regular reflected light, and information regarding a light amount in a periphery of a regular reflection direction, based on the reflected light distribution detected by the detection unit, and calculate an evaluation value regarding image clearness using the information indicating the degree of diffusion, the information regarding the light amount of the regular reflected light, and the information regarding the light amount in the periphery of the regular reflection direction.

Data of a captured image including a polarized image is acquired (S10), and space information relating to a position and a posture of a subject in a real space and the position and the posture on an imaging plane is acquired using the captured image data (S12). Next, a polarization degree distribution is acquired from a polarized image of a plurality of orientations (S14), and a position of a light source is acquired by specifying an image of a true light source by threshold value determination of the polarization degree (S16). A reflection characteristic is acquired by applying a rendering equation under assumption that luminance of the captured image is already known (S18), and a material suitable therewith is specified as a material of the subject (S20). Processing according to the material is performed to generate output data and output the data (S22).