Devices, systems, and methods for determining gas characteristics to monitor transformer operation include extracting gas from transformer fluid for analysis.

Devices, systems, and methods for determining gas characteristics to monitor transformer operation include extracting gas from transformer fluid for analysis.

The present disclosure describes a field flow fractionator (FFF). In an embodiment, the FFF includes a spacer including a core, and a coating covering the core. In an embodiment, the FFF includes a spacer including a core, and a coating covering the core, a bottom block including pins, and a top block including mating holes to receive the pins, where the spacer is configured to be positioned between the top block and the bottom block. In an embodiment, the FFF includes a spacer including a core including an opening, a top side, and a bottom side, a first coating covering the top side, and a second coating covering the bottom side, a top block configured to press on the first coating along a first periphery of the opening, and a bottom block configured to press on the second coating along a second periphery of the opening.

A field flow fractionation apparatus includes a separation channel provided with an inlet port and an outlet port at both ends and forming a space through which a carrier fluid flows between the inlet port and the outlet port, a separation membrane which is a wall surface that defines the separation channel and is parallel to a channel flow in which a carrier fluid flows in the separation channel from the inlet port toward the outlet port, and has a property of permeating the carrier fluid and not permeating particles to be separated, and a discharge port that discharges the carrier fluid having permeated through the separation membrane to outside. At least a part of the surface of the separation membrane is an ion exchangeable region in which a functional group having ion exchangeability is modified.

The present disclosure describes an apparatus of managing solvent associated with a field flow fractionator. In an exemplary embodiment, the apparatus includes (1) a union assembly coupled to a detector flow output from at least one detector coupled to a field flow fractionator, and (2) a recycle and waste assembly coupled to an output of the union assembly and a channel cross flow output of the field flow fractionator.

Devices, systems, and methods for determining gas characteristics to monitor transformer operation include extracting gas from transformer fluid for analysis.

A fractionation system includes a solvent delivery system, a sample delivery system, a field flow fractionation (FFF) system including pressure-sensitive components and a FFF channel, the FFF channel fluidically connected to the sample delivery system and the solvent delivery system, a size exclusion chromatography (SEC) system including a chromatography column, the chromatography column fluidically connected to the sample delivery system and the solvent delivery system, and a switching system for switching between a field flow fractionation (FFF) mode in which the FFF channel is active to a size exclusion chromatography (SEC) mode in which the chromatography column is active, where the pressure-sensitive components of the FFF system are fluidically isolated during the SEC mode.