The present invention relates to a pressure vessel (1) having a pressure vessel wall (1a) which completely surrounds a reaction chamber (2) as a pressure space for the initiation and/or promotion of chemical and/or physical pressure reactions of a sample (P) to be heated which is accommodated in the reaction chamber (2), wherein the pressure vessel wall (1a) has an infrared-permeable high-pressure window (30) which extends away outward in a direction from the reaction chamber (2) and which is supported in the pressure vessel wall (1a) with respect to a pressure in the reaction chamber (2), wherein the pressure vessel (1) furthermore has an infrared to temperature sensor (40) which is situated directly opposite the high-pressure window (30), in order to measure the temperature of a sample (P), accommodated in the reaction chamber (2), during a pressure reaction through the high-pressure window (30).

Spectrophotometer system configured to characterize and/or measure spectrally (wavelength)-dependent properties of material components (such as molecular, viral, and/or bacterial analytes) associated with or of an object prior to the time when optical fingerprints of such material components start to degrade, and associated methods. System can be enhanced by a capability of selecting specific wavelengths of operation for such system to optimize cost-efficiency of the system.

A flow cell can comprise a high-pressure, fluidic, flow-through housing that encloses and auto-aligns a heavy-walled, internally reflective low-cost glass capillary for concentrating and amplifying laser-excited spectra. The containment housing that encloses the capillaries can optionally sustain operational pressures of at least 10,000 psi. The pressure housing can be fitted with transparent optical windows that can accommodate laser-safe injection and spectra collection. The flow-cell design can adaptably accommodate different optical sampling configurations such as transmissive (forward scattering), reflective (backward scattering), or multipass, combined scattering. The flow cell size is scalable (lengthwise) to accommodate different applications or installations such as benchtop (lab), permanent (industrial), and portable (field). With new, miniaturized spectrometers, the flow cell can optionally be configured for transport as a real-time, high-sensitivity gas-analysis sensor aboard compact aerial or otherwise mobile systems (e.g., drones) for remote or hazardous applications.

A pressure cell for sum frequency generation spectroscopy includes: a metal pressure chamber; a heating stage that heats the liquid sample; a pump, connected to an interior of the metal pressure chamber, that pressurizes the interior of the metal pressure chamber; and a controller that controls the pump and the heating stage to control a pressure of the interior of the metal pressure chamber and a temperature of a liquid sample. The metal pressure chamber includes: a base that retains the liquid sample; a removable lid that seals against the base to enclose the liquid sample in the metal pressure chamber; and a window in the removable lid that exposes the liquid sample to an exterior of the metal pressure chamber.

A system and method for determining impurities in a beverage grade gas such as CO.sub.2 or N.sub.2 relies on FTIR gas analysis for measuring non-sulfur impurities as well as SO.sub.2. CO.sub.2% also can be determined. A multiplexer selects a sample gas from multiple gas samples. Conversion of reduced sulphur present in some impurities to SO.sub.2 is conducted in an oxidizing furnace. Climate control and measurements of oxygen gas impurities also can be provided.

A specimen chamber for transmitted light microscopy includes a chamber body having a specimen space that is sealed off in a transmitted light direction on opposite sides by transparent first and second observation windows, respectively, a seal being interposed in each case. First and second clamping elements are configured to fix the two observation windows to the specimen space. The clamping elements comprise observation openings into the specimen chamber. The first observation window comprises a first plane-parallel shoulder that protrudes into the first observation opening of the first clamping-element so as to fit exactly. The second observation window comprises a second plane-parallel shoulder that protrudes into the second observation opening of the second clamping element so as to fit exactly. The two seals are resistant to high pressure. The observation windows and the seals each consist of a plastomer.

A pressure cell includes a metal pressure chamber, a heating stage, disposed in the interior of the metal pressure chamber, that heats the liquid sample, a chamber pump, connected to the interior of the metal pressure chamber, that pressurizes the interior of the metal pressure chamber, a salinity control system including a membrane coupled to the sample inlet, where the membrane is configured to reduce a salinity level of the liquid sample, and a controller that controls the chamber pump, the salinity control system, and the heating stage to control a pressure of the interior of the metal pressure chamber, a salinity level of the liquid sample, and a temperature of the liquid sample, respectively. The metal pressure chamber includes a liquid sample holder, a removable lid, a window in the removable lid, a sample inlet, and a sample outlet.

An apparatus for accurately measuring carbon dioxide partial pressure even if the apparatus is disposed in an environment at a high ambient water pressure, such as in a deep sea environment. A through hole that penetrates a body portion is formed in the body portion. The body portion is connected to a light source unit and a light receiving element unit. A signal line is disposed to pass through the through hole formed in the body portion. The signal line electrically connects between an amplifier substrate of the light receiving element unit and a CPU substrate of the light source unit to transfer the detection result amplified by the amplifier substrate.

Spectrophotometer system configured to characterize and/or measure spectrally (wavelength)-dependent properties of material components (such as molecular, viral, and/or bacterial analytes) associated with or of an object prior to the time when optical fingerprints of such material components start to degrade, and associated methods. System can be enhanced by a capability of selecting specific wavelengths of operation for such system to optimize cost-efficiency of the system.

A pressure cell for sum frequency generation spectroscopy includes: a metal pressure chamber; a heating stage that heats a liquid sample; an ultrasonic stage that emulsifies the liquid sample; a chamber pump that pressurizes an interior of the metal pressure chamber; and a controller that controls the chamber pump, the ultrasonic stage, and the heating stage to control a pressure of the interior of the metal pressure chamber, an emulsification of the liquid sample, and a temperature of the liquid sample, respectively. The metal pressure chamber includes: a liquid sample holder that retains the liquid sample; a removable lid that seals against a base; a window in the removable lid; a sample inlet that flows the liquid sample from an exterior of the metal pressure chamber to the liquid sample holder at a predetermined flow rate; and a sample outlet.