A fluid sampler includes: a sample cell that includes: a substrate comprising: a first port; a second port in fluid communication with the first port; a viewing reservoir in fluid communication with the first port and the second port and that receives the fluid from the first port and communicates the fluid to the second port, the viewing reservoir including: a first view membrane; a second view membrane; and a pillar interposed between the first view membrane and second view membrane, the pillar separating the first view membrane from the second view membrane at a substantially constant separation distance such that a volume of the viewing reservoir is substantially constant and invariable with respect to a temperature and invariable with respect to a pressure to which the sample cell is subjected.

This application relates to an optical sensor element. In one aspect, the optical sensor element includes a graphite column including one or more graphite rods. The optical sensor element may also include one or more first graphene layers partly or entirely covering each of both ends of the graphite column. The optical sensor element may further include one or more second graphene layers partly or entirely covering the outer circumferential surface of the graphite column. This application also relates to an optical sensor for measuring the concentration of a greenhouse gas and the optical sensor includes the optical sensor element.

A measurement method for an air kerma conventional true value comprises: building a small-scale reference radiation field, then selecting a proper radiation source (4) and a source intensity for providing incident rays for a shielding box (1), subsequently selecting a plurality of gamma ray dose measurement instruments as experiment samples for building a prediction model to obtain a prediction model of the air kerma conventional true value of a check point, fmally placing a probe of an instrument to be detected on the check point (6), recording a scattering gamma spectrum detected by a gamma-ray spectrometer (9), and importing the prediction model to obtain the air kerma conventional true value. The method relates to the field of radiation protection detection or calibration, and has the beneficial effects that the result is accurate, the reference radiation field used is small in size, and the method is applied to measurement of the air kerma conventional true value. The method solves the problem that site and in-situ detection or calibration is unlikely to be implemented as the existing standard reference radiation field is too large in space and volume to move or is difficult to move.

This disclosure provides a highly accurate NDIR gas sensor and a highly accurate optical device even using a simplified optical filter. The NDIR gas sensor and the optical device include: an optical filter having a substrate and a multilayer film on the substrate; and an infrared light emitting and receiving device; where the multilayer film has a structure in which a first layer and a second layer are alternately stacked; the active layer contains Al.sub.xIn.sub.1-xSb or InAs.sub.ySb.sub.1-y; and the optical filter includes a wavelength range having an average transmittance of 70% or more with a width of 50 nm or more in 2400-6000 nm, and has a maximum transmittance of 5% or more in 6000-8000 nm and an average transmittance of 2% or more and 60% or less in 6000-8000 nm.

A reaction control and mass spectrometry workstation for coupling an X-ray spectroscopic characterization instrument with an in-situ reaction cell, including a reactant gas composition control module and an online gas composition analyzing module. The workstation further involves a modification based on the original vacuum pipeline section. After the modification, the original vacuum pipeline section is connected to three customized gas ports, and the modification is characterized in that the vacuum manifold unit is additionally provided with a mass spectrometer sampling port, a sampling capillary, and control valves. The present disclosure has the following advantages. The sampling time delay can be ignored in the mass spectrometry, and the sampling is continuous real-time in-situ analysis with high time resolution. Under the working conditions of the X-ray spectroscopic characterization instrument, the electronic structure/crystal structure information and the precise information of the ambient gas composition are obtained simultaneously.

An optical device comprises an optical filter having a substrate and a multilayer film having layers with different refractive indexes formed on at least one side of the substrate; and an infrared light emitting and receiving device having a first conductive-type semiconductor layer, an active layer, and a second conductive-type semiconductor layer. The multilayer film has alternatively stacked first second layers each having refractive indexes of 1.2 or more and 2.5 or less, and 3.2 or more and 4.2 or less, respectively, in a wavelength range of 2400 nm to 6000 nm. The optical filter includes a wavelength range having an average transmittance of 70% or more with a width of 50 nm or more in a wavelength range of 2400 nm to 6000 nm, and has a maximum transmittance of 5% or more in a wavelength range of 6000 nm to 8000 nm.

Disclosed is a simulation device for electron-excited atmospheric radiation. An electron gun cavity is connected with a front end of a gas cavity. An electron gun is used for emitting electrons and injecting the electrons into the gas cavity. The electrons collide with gas molecules in the gas cavity to ionize and excite the gas molecules. According to the miniaturized simulation device for electron-excited atmospheric radiation, the device can realize an ionization excitation experiment of high-energy electrons on neutral gas and generate a series of optical radiation phenomena in special scenes. In addition, with the aid of optical observation equipment, optical radiation signals of ionized neutral gas can be obtained, so that radiation laws under different incident electron energies, different radiation intensities and different atmospheric components can be further obtained.

An integrated process and system for measurement and treatment of toxic gases in deep natural gas. The process comprises: cooling and depressurizing deep natural gas and then drying same; sequentially performing radon, hydrogen sulfide, and mercury measurements on the dried deep natural gas; if it is found after the measurements that the concentrations of mercury, radon, and hydrogen sulfide in the deep natural gas reach standards, delivering the deep natural gas to a gas transmission pipeline; if it is found after the measurements that the concentrations of radon, hydrogen sulfide, and mercury in the deep natural gas are substandard, sequentially performing harmless treatment on radon and partial mercury, hydrogen sulfide, and remaining mercury in the deep natural gas; sequentially performing mercury, radon, and hydrogen sulfide measurements on the deep natural gas having experienced the harmless treatment; if the concentrations of mercury, radon, and hydrogen sulfide in the deep natural gas reach the standards, delivering the deep natural gas having experienced the harmless treatment to the gas transmission pipeline; and if the concentrations of mercury, radon, and hydrogen sulfide in the deep natural gas are substandard, continuing to sequentially perform harmless treatment on radon and partial mercury, hydrogen sulfide, and remaining mercury in the deep natural gas, until the concentrations thereof reach the standards.

A method for the inspection of contained flowable materials within containers, such as detecting an explosive liquid in a luggage, and an apparatus for performing the method are described. The method includes the steps of: performing a radiation scan, using X-rays or Gamma rays, of a target item container of contained flowable material in a radiation scanning system to derive a spatially distributed and spectroscopically resolved measured dataset of the intensity of radiation emergent from the target item; considering the spatially distributed and spectroscopically resolved dataset of transmitted radiation intensity to be nominally determined in accordance with a relationship: [O].Math.[]=[] where the operators [] and [] define, respectively, physical parameters describing the liquid and the container and the system response and the operator [O] defines the relationships between the system response and the liquid and container parameters; numerically processing the measured dataset by operator inversion in order to derive a best fit solution of: []=[O].sup.1.Math.[]; and using that derived solution to determine the threat status of the target item.

A reaction control and mass spectrometry workstation for coupling an X-ray spectroscopic characterization instrument with an in-situ reaction cell, including a reactant gas composition control module and an online gas composition analyzing module. The workstation further involves a modification based on the original vacuum pipeline section. After the modification, the original vacuum pipeline section is connected to three customized gas ports, and the modification is characterized in that the vacuum manifold unit is additionally provided with a mass spectrometer sampling port, a sampling capillary, and control valves. The present disclosure has the following advantages. The sampling time delay can be ignored in the mass spectrometry, and the sampling is continuous real-time in-situ analysis with high time resolution. Under the working conditions of the X-ray spectroscopic characterization instrument, the electronic structure/crystal structure information and the precise information of the ambient gas composition are obtained simultaneously.