A method for determining a measurement error caused by a filling error, in particular the presence of gas bubbles, during measurement of the density of a liquid by means of a densimeter having a flexural resonator containing the liquid to be measured. During a measuring operation, a period duration of an oscillation of the flexural resonator induced by an induction unit is measured by a measuring device and the density of the liquid is determined by an evaluation unit.

A device and a method for measuring and/or monitoring at least one process variable of a medium is provided. The device comprises a sensor unit with a mechanically vibrating unit, at least one reflection unit, a piezoelectric element which is attached to the membrane, and an electronic. The device is designed to excite the mechanically vibrating unit to mechanical vibrations using an excitation signal, to receive the mechanical vibrations of the vibrating unit and convert them into a first reception signal, to emit a transmission signal, and to receive a second reception signal. The electronic unit is designed to determine the at least one process variable of the medium based on the first and/or second reception signal.

An asphalt density estimation system includes a measurement device configured to output a measurement signal; a time synchronization unit configured to sample the measurement signal to obtain a sampled measurement signal and identify periodic sampling points of the sampled measurement signal across a plurality of periods. The system also includes a time synchronous averaging unit configured to construct a modified measurement signal in the time domain by: for at least one sampling point within the period, averaging a plurality of the periodic sampling points across periods to obtain an average periodic data point for the at least one sampling point, and constructing the modified measurement signal using the average periodic data point for the at least one sampling point. The system further includes a density calculation unit configured to determine asphalt density values based on the modified measurement signal; and a display unit configured to display the determined asphalt density values.

Disclosed are a substrate inspection method and a method of fabricating a semiconductor device using the same. The inspection method may include measuring a target area of a substrate using a pulsed beam to obtain a first peak, measuring a near field ultrasound, which is produced by the pulsed beam in a near field region including the target area, using a first continuous wave beam different from the pulsed beam to obtain a second peak, and measuring a far field ultrasound, which is produced by the near field ultrasound in a far field region outside the near field region, using a second continuous wave beam to examine material characteristics of the substrate.

A method for determining properties of a hydrocarbon-containing gas mixture includes determining a thermal conductivity value, density measurement, viscosity measurement, and temperature and pressure. The method also includes determining a hydrogen content of the gas mixture on the basis of the thermal conductivity value and the temperature and pressure, determining a density measurement and associated temperature and pressure, and determining the mean molar mass or standard density on the basis of the density measurement and the temperature and pressure. The method further includes determining the mean molar mass or standard density of a hydrogen-free residual gas mixture based on the mean molar mass or standard density and the hydrogen fraction, determining the Wobbe index of the residual gas mixture based on the viscosity measurement and the temperature and pressure, and determining a calorific value based on the mean molar mass or standard density and the Wobbe index.

The present disclosure relates to devices and methods for determining the density of insulation. For example, one aspect of the disclosure is a device that includes a first unit that includes a sound generator and a second unit that includes a sound sensor and a probe. The probe is configured to be inserted into insulation such that the sound sensor is outside of the insulation and is configured to detect sound that is generated by the sound generator outside of the insulation and transmitted through the insulation and the probe to the sound sensor. The device also includes a control system configured to cause the sound generator to generate the sound and to use the sound detected by the sound sensor to generate output that represents the density of the insulation.

An ultrasonic transducer is described, including a piezoelectric element, a fluid medium contact layer, a matching layer between the piezoelectric element and the fluid medium contact layer, and a backing layer. Ultrasound sensor devices utilising the ultrasonic transducer are also described, for use in systems for analysing a fluid such as milk.

A method for determining multi-phase flow properties of a fluid is disclosed. The method includes measuring a first time for a first ultrasonic signal to be emitted from a first transducer into the fluid, reflected off an inner surface of the pipeline, and received back at the first transducer. Measuring a second time for the first ultrasonic signal to be emitted from the first transducer into the fluid and received at a second transducer. Calculating, using the first time and the second time, at least one of: a liquid to gas ratio, a fluid density, a gas holdup, a liquid holdup, and a fluid velocity of the fluid flowing through the pipeline.

A device for estimating a mechanical property of a sample is disclosed herein. The device may include a chamber configured to hold the sample; a transmitter configured to transmit a plurality of waveforms, including at least one forcing waveform; and a transducer assembly operatively connected to the transmitter and configured to transform the transmit waveforms into ultrasound waveforms. The transducer assembly can also transmit and receive ultrasound waveforms into and out of the chamber, as well as transform at least two received ultrasound waveforms into received electrical waveforms. The device also includes a data processor that can receive the received electrical waveforms; estimate a difference in the received electrical waveforms that results at least partially from movement of the sample; and estimate a mechanical property of the sample by comparing at least one feature of the estimated difference to at least one predicted feature, wherein the at least one predicted feature is based on a model of an effect of the chamber wall. Finally, the device can also include a controller configured to control the timing of the ultrasound transmitter and data processor.

A method and system of predicting a muscle characteristic using ultrasound. The characteristic may include a tenderness characteristic and/or a strength characteristic. An analysis of muscle structure is performed for a sample using ultrasound data of the sample. The analysis may include determining a relative number of bundles, fascicles, sarcomeres, fibers, and/or sheath thickness from the ultrasound data. Thereafter, the muscle characteristic is predicted for the sample based on the analysis.