Methods are described for treating aqueous solutions, including wastewater, to remove nitrogen-containing compounds using electrochemical processes. The method may be conducted electrolytically under an applied voltage or using endogenous current in a fuel cell arrangement. In some embodiments, energy is reclaimed in the form of hydrogen, methane, and other hydrocarbons or organic molecules. Microorganisms may be used as the catalyst for oxidation of the nitrogen-containing compound and/or reduction of hydrogen ions, carbon dioxide, or bicarbonate. Anaerobic or low-oxygen conditions may be used in the zone.

The present invention refers to Amadoriase enzyme protein variants having de-glycating activity and improved thermostability compared to the wild type Amadoriase. The present invention refers also to the use of the thermostabilized Amadoriase as deglycating agent, preferably in the food industry. Moreover, the present invention refers to the use of the thermostabilized Amadoriase as diagnostic and/or therapeutic tools. Preferably, the Amadoriase enzyme protein variants of the invention can be used for determining the level of glycated haemoglobin in a biological sample and therefore for monitoring diabetes.

The invention is directed to methods of promoting myelin formation in central nervous system (CNS) tissue in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of interleukin-4 induced gene 1 (IL4-i1) protein. The invention is also directed to methods of monitoring the progression of conditions marked by an impairment of myelin formation in the CNS comprising assessing the levels or activity of IL4-i1 in activated macrophages obtained from the subject.

An amperometric biosensor is provided for determination of creatinine in a sample fluid. The biosensor can be an enzyme-polymer composition having at least one redox polymer and a plurality of enzymes immobilized on an electrode surface. Methods of preparing the amperometric biosensor are included. In addition, methods and systems using the amperometric biosensor in measuring creatinine concentrations of a patient and treatments of a patient with monitoring of the progress of dialysis performed on the patient are also provided.

The present invention refers to Amadoriase enzyme protein variants having de-glycating activity and improved thermostability compared to the wild type Amadoriase. The present invention refers also to the use of the thermostabilized Amadoriase as deglycating agent, preferably in the food industry. Moreover, the present invention refers to the use of the thermostabilized Amadoriase as diagnostic and/or therapeutic tools. Preferably, the Amadoriase enzyme protein variants of the invention can be used for determining the level of glycated haemoglobin in a biological sample and therefore for monitoring diabetes.

Methods are described for treating aqueous solutions, including wastewater, to remove nitrogen-containing compounds using electrochemical processes. The method may be conducted electrolytically under an applied voltage or using endogenous current in a fuel cell arrangement. In some embodiments, energy is reclaimed in the form of hydrogen, methane, and other hydrocarbons or organic molecules. Microorganisms may be used as the catalyst for oxidation of the nitrogen-containing compound and/or reduction of hydrogen ions, carbon dioxide, or bicarbonate. Anaerobic or low-oxygen conditions may be used in the zone.