The disclosure provides biomarkers for ALS. The disclosure also provides various methods of using the biomarkers, including methods for diagnosis of ALS, methods of determining predisposition to ALS, methods of monitoring progression/regression of ALS, methods of assessing efficacy of treatment modalities for treating ALS, methods of screening compositions for activity in modulating biomarkers of ALS, methods of treating ALS, as well as other methods based on biomarkers of ALS. The disclosure also provides various methods of treating other diseases, disorders, and conditions. One method includes analyzing levels of alpha-1 antitrypsin (A1AT, also known as AAT or PI), encoded by the serpinA1 gene or protein as a biomarker indicative of ALS. The levels or concentrations of the biomarkers can be used to determine the onset of ALS, monitor the progression of ALS, or monitor the progression of a treatment for ALS.

The present invention provides a method in which a porous body having a monoclonal antibody to be measured immobilized in pores thereof is brought into contact with nanoparticles having a protease immobilized thereonto in a liquid to perform selective protease digestion of the monoclonal antibody and a peptide fragment obtained by the digestion is detected by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS), wherein the monoclonal antibody is digested with the protease in the presence of an antibody specifically binding to the monoclonal antibody or a target molecule of the monoclonal antibody.

A method of proteolyzing a protein, including immobilizing a protein in at least one pore of a porous body, and contacting the protein immobilized in the pore and a protease immobilized on a solid surface such that the protease selectively accesses a site of the protein and proteolyzes the protein at the site.

A fluid sample container comprising a protease, when a sample fluid is placed in the fluid sample container the protease breaking a target analyte in the sample fluid into at least two peptides, the at least two peptides being smaller than the original target analyte.

Provided herein are methods of identifying a group of complementarity determining region (CDR)3, 2 and/or 1 nanobody amino acid sequences (CDR3, CDR2 and/or CDR1 sequences) wherein a reduced number of the CDR3, CDR2 and/or CDR1 sequences are false positives as compared to a control, methods for determining antigen affinity of nanobody peptide sequences, and related methods for training a deep learning model.

The present invention refers to p53 sequence and post translational modifications (PTMs) and to their use as biomarkers in the diagnosis of neurodegenerative disease and cognitive decline and/or in the prognosis of Alzheimer's disease at different stages and/or of neurodegenerative disease in a biological sample. The invention also provides for a 1) diagnostic method based on a highly accurate mass spectrometry analysis for the diagnosis of neurodegenerative disease, including Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI), Alzheimer's disease (AD), fronto-temporal dementia (FTD), Lewi's Body (LB), and vascular dementia (VD) in a subject, by evaluating the PTMs to the said p53 linear sequence protein and possible cut of its full sequence specifically in human plasma of patients; and 2) prognosis of AD in CU and MCI patients.

A method for testing for the presence and quantification of A1-type beta-casein variants or A2-type beta-caseins, in milk and milk derived dairy products, using chymotrypsin digestion followed by LC-MS analysis to determining the concentrations of beta-casein digestion peptides and using the concentrations to calculate the amounts of A1-type beta-casein variants or A2-type beta-casein variants present.

The present application provides a trypsin detection film, a preparation method therefor, application thereof and a trypsin detection kit, which relates to the technical field of trypsin detection. The preparation method for the trypsin detection film comprises the following steps: providing a polymer film substrate; immersing the polymer film substrate in a dye solution to attach a dye to the polymer film substrate, so as to obtain a trypsin detection film.

The present invention relates to a method for analyzing a sample, the method comprising: (a) incubating a sample comprising an analyte with at least one enzyme to produce a digestion mixture comprising fragments of the analyte; (b) loading the digestion mixture onto a reversed-phase chromatography column; and (c) performing reversed-phase chromatography on the digestion mixture, wherein the at least one enzyme is hydrophobically modified to increase a retention time of the at least one enzyme such that the at least one enzyme elutes from the reversed-phase chromatography column later than the fragments of the analyte.

Disclosed here are systems and methods for collecting and/or screening of a pancreatic secretion, using a capsule endoscope comprising an imaging system and a trypsin sensor, and a tether coupled to the capsule endoscope.