Provided herein is technology relating to calorimetry and particularly, but not exclusively, to apparatuses, methods, and systems for making high-resolution thermodynamic measurements of reactions between gas phase reactants and nanomaterials. For example, the technology can provide thermodynamic measurements with a high heat flow resolution and long term stability at a wide range of temperatures and reaction pressures. The technology is used, for example, to study the thermodynamics of surface reactions and phase transformations in nanomaterials.

A system comprising a calorimeter for measuring a heat flux of a sample comprising a recipient space for a sample container containing a sample, a heat sink, a first heat transducer whereby the first heat transducer comprises a heat receiving surface in contact with the sample container when the sample container is positioned in the recipient space and a heat absorbing surface in contact with the heat sink. A second heat sink is provided, whereby the second heat sink has a second heat receiving surface in contact with the heat sink and a second heat absorbing surface in contact with the sample container, when the sample container is positioned in the recipient space.

Disclosed are systems and methods for providing an adiabatic power compensation differential scanning calorimeter to minimize a temperature difference between a sample and a reference. For instance, methods can include providing ramp-up heating power to heat a sample container and a reference container based on a preprogrammed temperature ramp rate; minimizing a temperature difference among the sample container, the reference container, and at least one furnace; providing compensating heat to the sample container and the reference container when a self-heating activity of the sample material is detected; providing container-only compensating heat to the sample container to block heat transfer from the sample material to the sample container once the self-heating activity of the sample material is detected; and providing compensating heat to the reference container to facilitate container-only compensating heat calculation and control.

A gas monitor apparatus includes a sorbent material that adsorbs a target gas based on a concentration of the target gas in a monitored environment and a reference material that does not respond to the target gas. The gas monitor also includes a first thermistor disposed within the sorbent material and a second thermistor disposed within the reference material, the first thermistor to provide a first indication of a first temperature of the sorbent material and the second thermistor to provide a second indication of a second temperature of the reference material. A processing device determines a concentration of the target gas based at least in part on a differential measurement between the first temperature and the second temperature.

Embodiments in accordance with the present disclosure are directed to methods and apparatuses used for extracting heavy rare gas. An example method includes passing inlet air through an airflow path of an apparatus, removing carbon dioxide and gaseous water from the inlet air, and cooling the inlet air to a threshold temperature while passing along the airflow path. The method further includes passing the cooled inlet air through an adsorption chamber of the apparatus to adsorb heavy rare gas from the cooled inlet air while the cooled inlet air is in a gaseous state, and extracting the heavy rare gas from the adsorption chamber.

The present invention relates to an apparatus for measuring moisture of a solid sample, a method for measuring a moisture content of the solid sample, and a method for analyzing an imidization rate, and more particularly, to an apparatus for measuring moisture of a solid sample, a method for measuring a moisture content of the solid sample, and a method for analyzing an imidization rate, which detect the moisture content of the solid sample at a specific temperature by using a Karl-Fischer device capable of selectively detecting only the moisture content of the solid sample in the method for analyzing an imidization rate of the solid sample and calculate the imidization rate of the solid sample by using the detected moisture content.

A gas monitor apparatus includes a sorbent material that adsorbs a target gas based on a concentration of the target gas in a monitored environment and a reference material that does not respond to the target gas. The gas monitor also includes a first thermistor disposed within the sorbent material and a second thermistor disposed within the reference material, the first thermistor to provide a first indication of a first temperature of the sorbent material and the second thermistor to provide a second indication of a second temperature of the reference material. A processing device determines a concentration of the target gas based at least in part on a differential measurement between the first temperature and the second temperature.

A method and an apparatus (11) for predicting thermal runaway safety of a power battery and a computer readable storage medium are provided. The method includes: obtaining initial battery temperature of a first power battery; conducting calculation to obtain temperature of the first power battery that has undergone thermal shock for duration; and determining, based on a power battery thermal runaway model, whether thermal runaway occurs on the first power battery.

A method for characterizing particles producing heat when exposed to light. The method includes the steps of stimulating a particle sample alternatingly with homogenous light waves with at least a first wavelength and a second wavelength, detecting by a detector heat radiated by the particle sample as a result of the stimulation, thereby yielding time-dependent images of a modulated heat distribution pattern, converting the time-dependent image of the modulated heat distribution pattern into the frequency domain and demodulating the image of the modulated heat distribution pattern, and determining a physical property of the particle sample based on the at least one demodulated image of heat distribution.

A calorimeter head and an associated system are provided. The calorimeter head provides symmetric circumferential laminar flow parallel to the bottom plane of a substrate plate of the calorimeter head. The calorimeter head defines a cavity which employs multiple tangentially arranged inlets for receipt of a flow of coolant from a control unit of the system.