Disclosed herein are a method for analyzing heavy metal removal efficiency using phase difference analysis and an apparatus using the method. The method for analyzing heavy metal removal efficiency using phase difference analysis includes applying a magnetic field to a magnetite onto which a heavy metal is adsorbed, based on a first solenoid coil and a second solenoid coil that have an identical winding direction, applying a high-frequency signal to the magnetite, based on a third solenoid coil having a winding direction that differs from that of the first solenoid coil and the second solenoid coil, detecting a high-frequency signal transformed by the magnetite, and calculating a phase difference between a previously detected default high-frequency signal and the transformed high-frequency signal, and analyzing an efficiency of heavy metal removal by the magnetite by measuring a concentration of the heavy metal based on the phase difference.

Disclosed herein is a method of measuring a gap between exterior structures and interior structures. The method comprises directing a transmitted m-wave signal from an exterior surface of the exterior structure into the exterior structure and the interior structure. The transmitted m-wave signal is generated by a gap sensing device that comprises an electromagnetic dual-tuned resonant coil sensor. The method also comprises measuring a received m-wave signal with the gap sensing device. The received m-wave signal comprises the transmitted m-wave signal influenced by the assembly. The method further comprises determining a size of the gap between the exterior structure and the interior structure based at least partially on at least one measured characteristic of the received m-wave signal.

A flexural-rigidity measuring apparatus includes an ultrasonic device including an oscillating unit that oscillates an ultrasonic wave toward a sheet and a receiving unit that receives the ultrasonic wave that has passed through the sheet, an electromagnetic induction device including an electromagnetic induction unit that generates electromagnetic induction with respect to a sheet, and a near-infrared spectroscopic device including a light-emitting unit that emits near-infrared light toward a sheet and a light-receiving unit that receives the near-infrared light that has passed through the sheet.

A sensor for detecting a volatile compound or gas. The sensor includes a transducer having: a planar resonator including a plurality of metal tracks, on a printed circuit, of the coplanar type; and a sensitive layer deposited on a predetermined portion of the resonator. The sensitive layer is configured so that the presence of a volatile compound or of a gas to be detected implies a modification of the permittivity of the sensitive layer resulting in a modification of the features of the sensor during its electrical power supply.

The present disclosure relates to carbon based biosensors and biosensor systems. The disclosure further relates to methods of rapidly detecting a target material in a biological sample using the biosensor and biosensor systems described herein to characterize a pathogen's antigen profile and/or a subject's immune response to pathogen exposure.

An oil state detection apparatus detects the amount of degradation substances contained in oil. The oil state detection apparatus includes a first oscillation circuit including a coil 1 and a capacitor 2, and a first detection device. Either one of the coil 1 or the capacitor 2 is configured to be immersed in oil. The first detection device is configured to detect the oscillatory frequency of the oscillation circuit.

The magnetic material inspection device includes: a differential coil configured to detect a change in a magnetic field of a magnetic material and transmit a differential signal, the differential coil including a pair of receiving coils; a detection coil configured to detect the change in the magnetic field of the magnetic material and transmit a detection signal; and a controller configured to detect a state of the magnetic material based on the differential signal of the differential coil and detect the state of the magnetic material based on the detection signal of the detection coil.

An apparatus for detecting wear particles in a fluid includes an inlet channel and an outlet channel. An ultrasonic transducer creating an acoustic wave that defines an acoustic focal zone is located between the inlet and outlet channels. A flow path located between the inlet and outlet channel is shaped to restrict the flow of the fluid to be within the acoustic focal zone. An inductive pulse sensor includes a plurality of flow channels receiving the fluid and a plurality of planar coils wound around the flow channels. The inductive pulse sensor includes a detection system for the detection of wear particles passing through the flow channels based on a change in an electrical property of the planar coils. A single combined excitation signal is sent to all the planar coils at once and the detection system measures one single output measurement for the plurality of flow channels.

The magnetic material inspection device includes: a differential coil configured to detect a change in a magnetic field of a magnetic material and transmit a differential signal, the differential coil including a pair of receiving coils; a detection coil configured to detect the change in the magnetic field of the magnetic material and transmit a detection signal; and a controller configured to detect a state of the magnetic material based on the differential signal of the differential coil and detect the state of the magnetic material based on the detection signal of the detection coil.

At least one property of a complex liquid is determined utilizing first and second sensing devices for measuring a respective first and second physical parameter of the liquid and generating respective first and second measured data indicative thereof. A control unit connectable to the sensing devices is used for analyzing the first and second measured data and determining the at least one property of the complex liquid. The first measured data may be responsive to a relatively low-frequency electric or electromagnetic field induced in the liquid, and the second measured data may be a response of the liquid to a relatively high-frequency external electromagnetic field applied to it.