The present invention relates to construction foil (1), in particular for use in the flat roof area, with a single- or multilayer structure (3) comprising a carrier layer (2), wherein the carrier layer (2) comprises an electronic unit (4) and at least one first connecting means (7) projecting beyond the outer side (8) of the carrier layer (2) and electrically connected to the electronic unit (4), and wherein the first connecting means (7) is designed in such a way that the electronic unit (4) can be detachably connected electrically to an external connection device (9) via the first connecting means (7), preferably without tools.

Apparatus for measuring at least one property of a fluid comprises a capacitive fluid sensor (110) comprising a first electrode (111) and a second electrode (112) with a sensing region (113) between the electrodes. The apparatus comprises an alternating signal source (120) configured to apply an alternating drive signal to the capacitive fluid sensor (110). The apparatus comprises a processing apparatus (200) configured to receive a sense signal from the capacitive fluid sensor (110) and the alternating drive signal. The processing apparatus (200) is configured to: determine a complex difference signal comprising an in-phase difference component between the drive signal and the sense signal and a quadrature difference component between the drive signal and the sense signal; determine the at least one property of the fluid based on both the in-phase phase difference component and the quadrature difference component of the difference signal.

The method comprises feeding a second fluid in a porous sample; measuring a resistivity or/and conductivity in a plurality of regions having different second fluid contents in the porous sample; and repeating the following steps. Determining an estimated local volume of first fluid contained in each region from the resistivity or/and conductivity measured in the region and from an estimated value of the representative parameter; calculating an estimated total volume of first fluid in the porous sample from each estimated local volume of first fluid contained in each region; and modifying the value of the estimated representative parameter to minimize the difference between the estimated total volume and a measured total volume of fluid produced from the porous sample, the representative parameter of the porous sample being the estimated representative parameter minimizing said difference.

The method comprises feeding a second fluid in a porous sample; measuring a resistivity or/and conductivity in a plurality of regions having different second fluid contents in the porous sample; and repeating the following steps. Determining an estimated local volume of first fluid contained in each region from the resistivity or/and conductivity measured in the region and from an estimated value of the representative parameter; calculating an estimated total volume of first fluid in the porous sample from each estimated local volume of first fluid contained in each region; and modifying the value of the estimated representative parameter to minimize the difference between the estimated total volume and a measured total volume of fluid produced from the porous sample, the representative parameter of the porous sample being the estimated representative parameter minimizing said difference.

The present disclosure provides for an electronic sensor for detecting a root of a plant in soil, the electronic sensor that includes a first conductor plate configured to be disposed in soil, a switch, a power supply, and a signal extractor. The switch is electrically coupled to the first conductor plate and is configured to switch between a first mode and a second mode. The power supply is electrically coupled to the switch and is configured to provide an electrical charge to the first conductor plate in the first mode of the switch. The signal extractor is electrically coupled to the switch and is configured to extract a signal response at the first conductor plate in the second mode of the switch. The present disclosure further provides a second conductor plate configured to be disposed in soil adjacent to and substantially parallel to the first conductor plate. The second conductor plate is electrically coupled to ground.

The present disclosure provides for an electronic sensor for detecting a root of a plant in soil, the electronic sensor that includes a first conductor plate configured to be disposed in soil, a switch, a power supply, and a signal extractor. The switch is electrically coupled to the first conductor plate and is configured to switch between a first mode and a second mode. The power supply is electrically coupled to the switch and is configured to provide an electrical charge to the first conductor plate in the first mode of the switch. The signal extractor is electrically coupled to the switch and is configured to extract a signal response at the first conductor plate in the second mode of the switch. The present disclosure further provides a second conductor plate configured to be disposed in soil adjacent to and substantially parallel to the first conductor plate. The second conductor plate is electrically coupled to ground.

Hundreds of thousands of concrete bridges and hundreds of billions of tons of concrete require characterization with time for corrosion. Accordingly, protocols for rapid testing and improved field characterization systems that automatically triangulate electrical resistivity and half-cell corrosion potential measurements would be beneficial allowing discrete/periodic mapping of a structure to be performed as well as addressing testing for asphalt covered concrete. Further, it is the low frequency impedance of rebar in concrete that correlates to corrosion state but these are normally time consuming vulnerable to noise. Hence, it would be beneficial to provide a means of making low frequency electrical resistivity measurements rapidly. Further, prior art techniques for electrical rebar measurements require electrical connection be made to the rebar which increases measurement complexity/disruption/repair/cost even when no corrosion is identified. Beneficially a method of determining the state of a rebar without electrical contact is taught.

Hundreds of thousands of concrete bridges and hundreds of billions of tons of concrete require characterization with time for corrosion. Accordingly, protocols for rapid testing and improved field characterization systems that automatically triangulate electrical resistivity and half-cell corrosion potential measurements would be beneficial allowing discrete/periodic mapping of a structure to be performed as well as addressing testing for asphalt covered concrete. Further, it is the low frequency impedance of rebar in concrete that correlates to corrosion state but these are normally time consuming vulnerable to noise. Hence, it would be beneficial to provide a means of making low frequency electrical resistivity measurements rapidly. Further, prior art techniques for electrical rebar measurements require electrical connection be made to the rebar which increases measurement complexity/disruption/repair/cost even when no corrosion is identified. Beneficially a method of determining the state of a rebar without electrical contact is taught.

A system and method for centrifuge fluid production and measurement using resistive cells is provided. The method comprises separating an electrically conducting first fluid and a second fluid within a collection cell having a first and second section, wherein the collection cell has an electrically conductive outer wall and an inner wall having an insulating material disposed thereon. The method provides that the first and second fluids are separated from a solid disposed in the first section into the second section, the second fluid having a specific mass greater than the first fluid. The method further provides measuring, using one or more wires disposed in the second fluid and electrically connected to a resistance measuring unit within the second section, a resistivity change of the second fluid relative to the displacement of the first fluid, and communicating the resistivity change.

A tire characteristic value measurement apparatus (100) includes a support arm (124) which is provided in vertical movement means (111 to 121). The support arm (124) bears a tire (T) on a roller conveyor (101) from below and has electrically insulative properties. The tire characteristic value measurement apparatus (100) further includes electric resistance value detection means (125 to 139) which is provided in the vertical movement means (111 to 121). The electric resistance value detection means (125 to 139) detects an electric resistance value of the tire T borne by the support arm (124).