Described herein are nucleic acid-based electrochemical proximity assays (ECPAs) for sample quantification. The invention may also include a biosensor with a sensing mechanism that uses a pair of aptamers or antibodies that bind the target of interest. More specifically, the invention relates to an electrochemical-based read out of a sensing mechanism that uses a nucleic acid-based proximity assay in conjunction with a pair of aptamers or antibodies for sample quantification. The biosensor or a set of biosensors can be used either as a standalone measurement system for a single analyte target or as a component of a multiplexed cartridge for multiple analytes.

The invention provides a solid state reference electrode comprising: a reference element in ionic communication with a composite, the composite comprising a water-permeable polymeric matrix loaded with a solid inorganic salt comprising a reference anion; an electrode surface for contacting an analyte; and a solid ion-exchange material located between the electrode surface and the reference element, the solid ion-exchange material comprising one or more non-interfering ions, wherein in use the solid ionexchange material immobilises one or more interfering ions, when present in solution in the analyte, by exchange with the noninterfering ions.

The invention provides a solid state reference electrode comprising: a reference element in ionic communication with a composite, the composite comprising a water-permeable polymeric matrix loaded with a solid inorganic salt comprising a reference anion; an electrode surface for contacting an analyte; and a solid ion-exchange material located between the electrode surface and the reference element, the solid ion-exchange material comprising one or more non-interfering ions, wherein in use the solid ionexchange material immobilises one or more interfering ions, when present in solution in the analyte, by exchange with the noninterfering ions.

An electrochemical sensor (1, 101) has a sensor element (15, 115) with a measuring surface (8, 108) that faces a measuring medium (5) during use. The sensor element has a planar measuring element (2, 102). A sensor shaft (4, 104) has an aperture (13, 113) with a bezel (11, 111) at an end which, during use, faces the measuring medium. The sensor element is installed in the area of the aperture. The electrochemical sensor also has an annular sealing element (9, 109), which is arranged between the sensor element and the bezel. An insulator element (10, 110) is firmly and inseparably connected to the measuring element, exposing or recessing the measuring surface. Thus, the sealing element, which protects the electrochemical sensor against the ingress of measuring medium, is arranged sealingly between the insulator element and the bezel.

Systems and methods are provided that address the need to frequently calibrate analyte sensors, according to implementation. In more detail, systems and methods provide a preconnected analyte sensor system that physically combines an analyte sensor to measurement electronics during the manufacturing phase of the sensor and in some cases in subsequent life phases of the sensor, so as to allow an improved recognition of sensor environment over time to improve subsequent calibration of the sensor.

A blood glucose meter with a low cost user interface has a color glucose scale that is indexed by indicators programmed according to the user's blood glucose target range through a separating computing device due to the limited meter user interface. The color glucose scale is static and placed adjacent to the indicator such as by being molded into the housing, printed on the housing, or attached to the display. The low cost user interface has a monochrome segmented display with certain segments serving as a plurality of indicators. An indicator scaling module uses the target blood glucose range of the person with diabetes to calculate the blood glucose ranges for each indictor to index the color glucose measurement scale. The indicator scaling module can also assign attributes to the indicator such as flashing. The graphic representation of the user's blood glucose measurement aids in user interpretation.

A method of forming a plurality of lipid bilayers over an array of cells in a nanopore based sequencing chip is disclosed. Each of the cells comprises a well. A salt buffer solution is flowed over the array of cells in the nanopore based sequencing chip to substantially fill the wells in the cells with the salt buffer solution. A lipid and solvent mixture is flowed over the array of cells to deposit the lipid and solvent mixture over at least some of the wells in the cells. A first portion of the cells, each having a lipid bilayer over its well, is detected. A second portion of the cells, each having a lipid membrane but not a lipid bilayer over its well, is detected. An electrical lipid-thinning stimulus is selectively applied to the second portion of the cells but not to the first portion of the cells.

An electrode structure, which can be used as a biosensor, is provided that has non-random topography located on one surface of an electrode base substrate. The non-random topography of the electrode structure and the electrode base substrate of the electrode structure are of unitary construction and unitary composition and thus there is no interface is located between these elements of the electrode structure.

A system and method for controlled fluid handling and processing of singulated biosensors. The system includes a consumable for mounting and protecting biosensors.

A method of detecting a target biological entity in a biofluid using a sensor, wherein the biofluid comprises a plurality of the target biological entities and nanoparticles, the sensor comprising a substrate bearing a pair of electrodes having an affinity with the nanoparticles, and wherein a region between the electrodes defines a sensing region. The method comprises: treating the biofluid with a suspension comprising a plurality of nanoparticles to obtain a treated mixture comprising bound nanoparticle-entity assemblies; introducing the treated mixture to the sensor; conditioning the sensor in the presence of the treated mixture by applying an activation voltage between the electrodes to increase a degree of connection between a surface of the pair of electrodes and at least one bound nanoparticle-entity assembly in contact with the surface of the pair of electrodes; and detecting the presence of target biological entities by using the pair of electrodes to detect a current through the at least one bound nanoparticle-entity assembly.