There is presented an electrochemical sensor (100) for sensing an analyte in an associated volume (106), the sensor comprising a first solid element (126), a second solid element (128) being joined to the first solid element, a chamber (110) being placed at least partially between the first solid element and the second solid element, a working electrode (104) in the chamber (110), a reference electrode (108), and wherein one or more analyte permeable openings (122) connect the chamber (110) with the associated volume (106), and wherein the electrochemical sensor (100) further comprises an analyte permeable membrane (124) in said one or more analyte permeable openings, wherein the one or more analyte permeable openings are placed at least partially between the first solid element and the second solid element.

There is presented an electrochemical sensor (100) for sensing an analyte in an associated volume (106), the sensor comprising a first solid element (126), a second solid element (128) being joined to the first solid element, a chamber (110) being placed at least partially between the first solid element and the second solid element, a working electrode (104) in the chamber (110), a reference electrode (108), and wherein one or more analyte permeable openings (122) connect the chamber (110) with the associated volume (106), and wherein the electrochemical sensor (100) further comprises an analyte permeable membrane (124) in said one or more analyte permeable openings, wherein the one or more analyte permeable openings are placed at least partially between the first solid element and the second solid element.

The heater 72 of the heater portion includes the linear portions 78 and the bend portions 77. A resistance value per unit length of the bend portions 77 at least at a temperature within a temperature range of no less than 700° C. and no more than 900° C. is lower than a resistance value per unit length of the linear portions 78.

Methods for forming a metal oxide electrolyte improve ionic conductivity. Some of those methods involve applying a first metal compound to a substrate, converting that metal compound to a metal oxide, applying a different metal compound to the metal oxide, and converting the different metal compound to form a second metal oxide. That substrate may be in nanobar form that conforms to an orientation imparted by a magnetic field or an electric field applied before or during the converting. Electrolytes so formed can be used in solid oxide fuel cells, electrolyzers, and sensors, among other applications.

Methods for forming a metal oxide electrolyte improve ionic conductivity. Some of those methods involve applying a first metal compound to a substrate, converting that metal compound to a metal oxide, applying a different metal compound to the metal oxide, and converting the different metal compound to form a second metal oxide. That substrate may be in nanobar form that conforms to an orientation imparted by a magnetic field or an electric field applied before or during the converting. Electrolytes so formed can be used in solid oxide fuel cells, electrolyzers, and sensors, among other applications.

The invention relates to the use of a physical-technological radiation source in a method for cleaning and conditioning a sensor of a measuring device for determining a constituent substance in a sample, a sensor and an electrochemical measuring device for carrying out said method.

An electrochemical gas sensor (1) having a stacked assembly of at least one first electrode (3) and a second electrode (6), which are respectively arranged on a carrier membrane (2, 5), and a separator (4) arranged between the electrodes (3, 6), including a gas conduction path (14) between the first electrode (3) and the second electrode (6). The gas conduction path (14) is constituted within the structural space defined by the electrodes (3, 6).

An electrochemical gas sensor (1) having a stacked assembly of at least one first electrode (3) and a second electrode (6), which are respectively arranged on a carrier membrane (2, 5), and a separator (4) arranged between the electrodes (3, 6), including a gas conduction path (14) between the first electrode (3) and the second electrode (6). The gas conduction path (14) is constituted within the structural space defined by the electrodes (3, 6).

A substrate that includes a base layer having a first principal surface defining a plurality of first trenches and intervening first lands, and a cover layer provided over the first principal surface of the base layer and covering the first trenches and first lands substantially conformally, wherein the surface of the cover layer remote from the first principal surface of the base layer comprises a plurality of second trenches and intervening second lands defined at a smaller scale than the first trenches and first lands. The substrate may be used to fabricate a capacitive element in which thin film layers are provided and conformally cover the second trenches and second lands of the cover layer, to create a metal-insulator-metal structure having high capacitance density.

A method of using a sequencing cell includes applying an alternating signal across a nanopore of the sequencing cell. The method further includes acquiring a first set of voltage data during a first portion of a plurality of cycles of the alternating signal. The method further includes determining a shifted set of voltage data from the first set of voltage data, computing difference data values by computing differences between data points of the first set of voltage data and corresponding data points of the shifted set of voltage data, identifying a plurality of noise data points as data points having difference data values that are larger than a first threshold value, and removing the plurality of noise data points from the first set of voltage data.