Flexible fuel cell sensors and methods of making and using the same are provided. A fuel cell sensor can be used for the detection of, for example, isopropyl alcohol (IPA), and the working mechanism of the fuel cell sensor can rely on redox reactions. The fuel cell sensor can include a proton exchange membrane (PEM), an anode disposed on a first surface of the PEM, a cathode disposed on a second surface of the PEM opposite from the first surface, and a reference electrode disposed on the first surface of the PEM and spaced apart from the anode.

The present invention provides an electrolyte measuring device that makes it possible to detect failure in the device with a high degree of accuracy. The electrolyte measuring device has: an ion-selective electrode to which an ion solution including ions is supplied; a reference electrode; a measurement section to measure a potential difference between the ion-selective electrode and the reference electrode; and a current measurement section to measure an electric current flowing in the reference electrode.

A single-use electrochemical analytical sensor is provided. The sensor includes a sensing electrode configured to contact process fluid and a reference chamber containing an electrolyte. A reference electrode is disposed in the electrolyte. A reference junction is configured to contact the process fluid and is further configured to generate a flow of electrolyte into the process fluid. The reference chamber is configured to be stored in a depressurized state and then pressurized prior to operation. A method of operating a single-use electrochemical sensor is also provided.

In a reference electrode for the potentiometric measurement of ion concentrations, comprising a swellable polymer body filled with at least one electrolyte salt and a potential sensing element of the second type located in the polymer body, preferably of the Ag/AgCl type, the polymer body is composed of preferably organic, hydrophobic prepolymer segments, which are three-dimensionally crosslinked by preferably organic, hydrophilic polymer chains.

In a reference electrode for the potentiometric measurement of ion concentrations, comprising a swellable polymer body filled with at least one electrolyte salt and a potential sensing element of the second type located in the polymer body, preferably of the Ag/AgCl type, the polymer body is composed of preferably organic, hydrophobic prepolymer segments, which are three-dimensionally crosslinked by preferably organic, hydrophilic polymer chains.

Provided herein is technology relating to electrochemical detection of analytes and particularly, but not exclusively, to a double junction reference electrode, methods of using a double junction reference electrode, handheld or robotically manipulable apparatuses comprising a double junction reference electrode, and systems comprising a double junction reference electrode.

Provided herein is technology relating to electrochemical detection of analytes and particularly, but not exclusively, to a double junction reference electrode, methods of using a double junction reference electrode, handheld or robotically manipulable apparatuses comprising a double junction reference electrode, and systems comprising a double junction reference electrode.

According to at least one aspect of the present disclosure, a reference half-cell for an electrochemical sensor for measuring a medium is disclosed. The reference half-cell includes a housing defining a chamber containing an electrolyte, the housing including a wall having an aperture therethrough, and an electrode disposed in the electrolyte in the chamber. The reference half-cell further includes a reference junction disposed in the aperture such that an interface between the reference junction and the housing wall is impermeable. The reference junction is electrically or ionically conductive and impermeable to the measured medium and the electrolyte, and the reference junction enables a constant potential at the electrode. An electrochemical sensor and oxidation-reduction potential sensor employing the reference junction are also disclosed.

A reference electrode is provided with an accommodation portion that is provided with a tube-shaped lead-out portion that can guide an accommodated internal liquid; a liquid junction portion that is connected to an end of the lead-out portion, and that allows the internal liquid to seep out; a liquid dripping portion that has a first end connected to the liquid junction portion, that has a second end that protrudes into the accommodation portion, and that guides the internal liquid to the liquid junction portion; and an internal electrode having at least a portion that is positioned further towards the first end side than the second end of the liquid dripping portion.

A reference electrode is provided with an accommodation portion that is provided with a tube-shaped lead-out portion that can guide an accommodated internal liquid; a liquid junction portion that is connected to an end of the lead-out portion, and that allows the internal liquid to seep out; a liquid dripping portion that has a first end connected to the liquid junction portion, that has a second end that protrudes into the accommodation portion, and that guides the internal liquid to the liquid junction portion; and an internal electrode having at least a portion that is positioned further towards the first end side than the second end of the liquid dripping portion.