An electrolyte for an electrochemical gas sensor, the electrolyte including a protonic ionic liquid, wherein the protonic ionic liquid has an octanol-water partition coefficient LogP of about −3.5 or less, and wherein water is used as a reactant of an electrochemical reaction for gas sensing, the water is generated as a product of the electrochemical reaction for gas sensing, or a combination thereof.

There is presented an electrochemical sensor (100) for sensing an analyte in an associated volume (106), the sensor comprising a first solid element (126), a second solid element (128) being joined to the first solid element, a chamber (110) being placed at least partially between the first solid element and the second solid element, a working electrode (104) in the chamber (110), a reference electrode (108), and wherein one or more analyte permeable openings (122) connect the chamber (110) with the associated volume (106), and wherein the electrochemical sensor (100) further comprises an analyte permeable membrane (124) in said one or more analyte permeable openings, wherein the one or more analyte permeable openings are placed at least partially between the first solid element and the second solid element.

A gas detection apparatus and method for measuring humidity using an electrochemical gas sensor. The gas detection apparatus comprises an electrolyte-based electrochemical gas sensor and a controller configured to measure the average humidity value within an ambient environment over a period of time. The average ambient humidity value over the period of time is determined based on the average rate of change over the period of time of the electrolyte concentration within the electrolyte gas sensor of the gas detection apparatus over the period and the average temperature in the ambient environment over the period of time. The gas sensing apparatus may be configured to communicate the average ambient humidity value within the ambient environment to a second electrochemical gas sensor or a second gas detection apparatus within the same ambient environment.

In an example of a selective, real-time gas sensing method, a gas sample, potentially including a specific gas molecule to be sensed, is supplied to an interface between a working electrode and an ionic liquid electrolyte. Based on at least one unique electrochemical reaction of the specific gas molecule to be sensed, a driving force is implemented to initiate a series of reactions involving the specific gas molecule. In response to the implementation of the driving force, a signal indicative of the specific gas molecule is monitored for.

A battery system comprising: an anode composed of a non-toxic biocompatible metal; a first printable carbon-based current collector comprising biocompatible multiple few layer graphene (FLG) sheets in electrical contact with and extending from the anode; a three-dimensional (3D) hierarchical mesoporous carbon-based cathode including an open porous structure configured to catalyze an active material via gas diffusion; a polymer-based barrier film deposited on the 3D hierarchical mesoporous carbon-based cathode, the polymer-based barrier film configured to prevent oxygen from entering the open porous structure while deposited on the 3D hierarchical mesoporous carbon-based cathode; a second printable carbon-based current collector comprising biocompatible multiple few layer graphene (FLG) sheets in electrical contact with and extending from the cathode; and an electrolyte layer disposed between the anode and the cathode, the electrolyte layer configured to activate the battery system when released into one or both of the anode and the cathode.

Apparatus and associated methods relate to a one-piece structure for a solid electrolyte chemical sensor (SECS) having a first surface defining a cavity (210, 305, 415) designed to receive a substrate (215, 350, 410) that retains a solid electrolyte (365, 440), an internal water impermeable coating (425) on at least a portion of the first surface, a second surface that is substantially coplanar with an adjacent peripheral edge of a top surface of the substrate (215, 350, 410) when the substrate (215, 350, 410) is received in the cavity (210, 305, 415), and a plurality of electrical contacts (335, 340, 345, 450a-450b) disposed on the second surface adapted to electrically couple with the electrodes (435a-435c) on the substrate (215, 350, 410) when the substrate (215, 350, 410) is received in the cavity (210, 305, 415) and electrical paths are provided between respective electrical contacts (335, 340, 345, 450a-450b) and electrodes (435a-435c).

An electrochemical gas sensor (1) having a stacked assembly of at least one first electrode (3) and a second electrode (6), which are respectively arranged on a carrier membrane (2, 5), and a separator (4) arranged between the electrodes (3, 6), including a gas conduction path (14) between the first electrode (3) and the second electrode (6). The gas conduction path (14) is constituted within the structural space defined by the electrodes (3, 6).

A sulfidation detection sensor includes a rectangular parallelepiped insulating substrate, a resistor formed to adhere closely to a surface of the insulating substrate, a sulfidation detection conductor formed to adhere closely to a surface of the resistor, a protective layer that is impermeable to sulfide gas and formed to cover a portion of the sulfidation detection conductor, and a pair of electrode portions formed at both ends of the insulating substrate and connected to the resistor and the sulfidation detection conductor. The sulfidation detection conductor is made of metal having a resistance value less than that of the resistor, and includes an exposed portion exposed to the outside without being covered with the protective layer.

Electrochemical sensors include a housing within which an electrolyte is provided over the electrodes. The housing includes an active region, which is the area around the electrodes in which the electrolyte must be positioned to ensure correct operation of the device. The inner walls, base and ceiling of the housing are coated in either hydrophobic or hydrophilic materials, or both, so as to encourage the electrolyte to take a position over the active region, which is defined by the position of the electrodes. In some electrochemical sensors, a combination of hydrophobic and hydrophilic materials is used and the materials can be arranged in a pattern, which encourages the electrolyte to take a position over the active region.

A electrochemical sensor (100) for sensing an analyte in an associated volume (106), the sensor comprising a first solid element (126), a second solid element (128) being joined to the first solid element, a chamber (110) being placed at least partially between the first solid element and the second solid element, a working electrode (104) in the chamber (110) and wherein one or more analyte permeable openings (122) connect the chamber with the associated volume (106) and wherein the electrochemical sensor (100) further comprises an analyte permeable membrane (124) in said one or more analyte permeable openings, and wherein the one or more analyte permeable openings are arranged so that a distance from any point in at least one cross-sectional plane to the nearest point of a wall of said opening is 25 micrometer or less.