A solid state electrolyte and method of preparation is provided. The solid state electrolyte includes a plasticized polymer matrix with non-dissolved salt crystals embedded in the polymer matrix and wherein the non-dissolved crystals are suitable for dissolving ions in the plasticized polymer. The method of preparation includes dissolving a plasticizer and a polymer matrix in an organic solvent to obtain a plasticized polymer matrix; and mixing the salt crystals with the plasticized polymer matrix, wherein the weight ratio of salt crystals versus plasticizer and polymer matrix and organic solvent is above saturation concentration such that non-dissolved salt crystals are embedded in the plasticized polymer matrix.

To provide a potential measurement device capable of keeping a temperature of a cell and/or a culture solution (in particular, a temperature of a cell) constant. Provided is a potential measurement device including a semiconductor substrate; a wiring layer on the semiconductor substrate; a first electrode on the wiring layer; and a second electrode configured to detect an action potential of a cell on the wiring layer. A temperature measurement unit is formed on the semiconductor substrate. A heat conduction unit and a plurality of wirings connected to the second electrode are formed in the wiring layer.

The present disclosure provides a baffle for a shell-and-tube heat exchanger. The baffle comprises a flat plate with a region comprising a plurality of annular elements designed for receiving the tubes of the shell-and-tube heat exchanger, arranged in at least two rows, wherein a row is staggered with respect to an adjacent row, wherein the outer diameter of the annular element is less than 130% of the inner diameter of the annular element, and wherein each annular element is joined with all of its adjacent annular elements by a bridging structure in the plane of the plate, oriented along a line connecting the centers of two adjacent annular elements, thereby defining a plurality of openings in the plate. The present disclosure also provides a shell- and-tube heat exchanger, a method for heating a liquid composition, a method for stripping a liquid composition comprising urea, carbamate, ammonia and water, and a method for producing a solid, particulate, urea-based composition.

This disclosure relates to improved devices, systems and methods for detecting and measuring oxidizing compounds in test fluids. Certain embodiments include a measurement device configured to apply a constant current to the test fluid and measure a reference voltage indicating an electrochemical potential at which electrolysis occurs in the test fluid. The measurement device is further configured to measure a second voltage indicating an oxidizing potential of the test fluid, and to calculate an oxidizer concentration measurement indicating the concentration of the oxidizing compound in the test fluid based on a voltage difference between the reference voltage and the second voltage.

A sensing platform for continuous water resource monitoring by electrochemical detection and solution parameter correction is provided. The sensing platform employs a solid-state electrolyte three-electrode cell, creating a high ionic strength environment within the solid-state electrolyte membrane, which is in ion exchange equilibria with the sampled solution. This device may be used as a standalone sensor in environments where the water parameters (pH temperature, and ionic strength) are controlled, or in concert with compensation sensors where water parameters are not controlled.

The present disclosure relates an interface unit having an input for receiving an input voltage from an electrochemical measuring probe; a first transistor; a first operational amplifier; a second transistor; and a second operational amplifier. The first operational amplifier is arranged to provide a variable tension to a first source terminal of the first transistor, in accordance with a comparison between a reference voltage and a second resistor voltage, in order to control an operating point of the first transistor.

Provided is an electrical circuit for electrochemical measurement of a solution, said electrical circuit comprising: a voltage generation circuit; an operational amplifier that has an output (OUT), a non-inverting input (+IN), and an inverting input (−IN), wherein the output (OUT) is connected to a counter electrode (CE) in contact with the solution, the inverting input (−IN) is connected to a reference electrode (RE) in contact with the solution, and the non-inverting input (+IN) is connected to the voltage generation circuit; a capacitor that is connected between the output (OUT) and inverting input (−IN) and has a capacitance of 1 μF or greater; and a current measurement circuit that is connected to a working electrode (WE) in contact with the solution.

An electrowetting-on-dielectric (EWOD) microfluidic device comprises at least one integrated electrochemical sensor, the electrochemical sensor comprising: a reference electrode; a sensing electrode; and an analyte-selective layer positioned over the sensing electrode. In some embodiments, the electrochemical sensor measures a concentration of an analyte in a fluid sample exposed to the electrochemical sensor based on a potential difference between the reference electrode and the sensing electrode. The first analyte and the second analyte can be selected from a group consisting of K.sup.+, Na.sup.+, Ca.sup.2+, Cl.sup.−, HCO.sub.3.sup.−, Mg.sup.2+, H.sup.+, Ba.sup.2+, Pb.sup.2+, Cu.sup.2+, I.sup.−, NH4.sup.+, (SO4).sup.2−.

An organic light emitting display device includes a plurality of pixels. Each of the pixels includes an organic light emitting diode, first to third transistors, a storage capacitor, and a first capacitor. The second transistor includes a gate electrode receiving a first scan signal, a first electrode receiving a data signal, and a second electrode connected to a first electrode of the first transistor. The third transistor includes a gate electrode receiving a second scan signal, a first electrode connected to a second electrode of the first transistor, and a second electrode connected to a gate electrode of the first transistor. The storage capacitor includes a first electrode receiving a power voltage and a second electrode connected to the gate electrode of the first transistor. The first capacitor includes a first electrode connected to the gate electrode of the third transistor and a second electrode receiving the power voltage.

A Prussian blue/zinc oxide-carbon nanotube composite is provided, the nanotube composite being selective and sensitive for detection of hydrogen peroxide, which is important for screening for early cancer detection, monitoring cardiovascular disease, detecting onset of food spoilage, and enzymatic reactions that produce hydrogen peroxide as a byproduct. Also provided are methods using said zinc oxide-carbon nanotube composite in which standard addition is used in combination with chronoamperometry detection to quantify the level of hydrogen peroxide in a biological sample.