Disclosed are methods, systems, and computer program products for using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for the analysis of endogenous biomarkers, such as 11-oxo androgens, in a sample. The 11-oxo androgens may comprise at least one of 11-hydroxyandrostendione (11OHA), 11-hydroxytestosterone (11OHT) or 11-ketotestosterone (11KT). More specifically, the methods, systems, and computer program products are described for detecting and quantifying the amount of an 11-oxo-androgen in a sample.

The present disclosure relates to compositions and methods for the preparation and use of free fatty acids as crystals and in solution, optionally in array format, for assay of lipotoxicity and related effects (in certain cases, indicators of diseases or disorders, such as type II diabetes) in contacted cells. Identification and therapeutic targeting of high-value gene targets discovered via joint assessment of lipotoxicity/transcriptome data and genetic association study data are also provided.

The present invention includes a method for detecting or predicting a disease or condition related to a ratio of luteinizing hormone to follicle-stimulating hormone (LH/FSH ratio) comprising: obtaining or having obtained a biological sample from a subject; and determining the LH/FSH ratio in the biological sample, wherein a decrease in the LH/FSH ratio when compared to an age-matched subject that does not have a disease or condition of LH/FSH is indicative of a current or future disease or condition of LH/FSH.

The present invention relates to compositions and methods relating to biomarkers (e.g., calcitriol (i.e., 1,25(OH).sub.2D.sub.3) to 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D.sub.3 (i.e., 24,25(OH).sub.2D.sub.3) to calcifediol (i.e., 25(OH)D.sub.3) proportion ratio (C24CPR)) that can be used for detection and treatment assessment of vitamin D deficiency or vitamin D imbalance and/or diseases or disorders associated with vitamin D deficiency or vitamin D imbalance, such as cancer, in a subject in need thereof. The present invention also provides methods of diagnosing vitamin D deficiency or vitamin D imbalance and/or diseases or disorders associated with vitamin D deficiency or vitamin D imbalance and distinguishing between different types of diseases or disorders associated with vitamin D deficiency or vitamin D imbalance (e.g., cancer vs autoimmune disease or disorder).

Methods, reagents, and kits for assaying for arylsulfatase A activity for diagnosing conditions associated with arylsulfatase A deficiency, such as multiple sulfatase deficiency (MSD) and metachromatic leukodystrophy (MILD).

The present invention provides a method for measuring growth hormone level in a human child, including a method of assessing pituitary-related growth hormone deficiency in a human child as a stand-alone test. The method includes the steps of oral administration of an effective amount of macimorelin to the child, collecting from the child two or three post-administration blood samples within a range of about 60 minutes after administration, and determining the level of growth hormone in the samples. The method can be used for diagnosing pituitary-related growth hormone deficiency in a child when the peak level of determined growth hormone in the samples is below a cut-off value.

The invention relates to the use of an immunologically reactive microbial transglutaminase or its immunologically reactive parts or analogues, which are present in a complex with gliadin or its immunologically reactive parts or analogues, for the diagnosis and/or therapy control of coeliac disease or sprue as well as gluten sensitivity, and a kit for determining the diagnosis and/or therapy control of coeliac disease or sprue as well as of gluten sensitivity, by means of the previously mentioned complex.

The invention features pancreatic islet and pancreatic organoids, and cell cultures and methods that are useful for the rapid and reliable generation of pancreatic islet and pancreatic islet organoids. The invention also features methods of treating pancreatic diseases and methods of identifying agents that are useful for treatment of pancreatic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes and pancreatic cancer, using the pancreatic islet and pancreatic organoids of the invention.

Methods and kits for the diagnosis of primary hyperaldosteronism (PHA). In particular, the use of a new diagnostic parameter that is composed of the ratio between the Ang II level, in particular the steady state equilibrium Ang II level, and the aldosterone level in a biological sample, such as e.g. plasma. The ratio of the two measured parameters is used to diagnose PHA in patients and has clear advantages over currently used diagnostic methods.

Provided herein are methods of treating hypercalcemia in a subject, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a composition that decreases the expression level and/or activity of GPR64. Compositions comprising the therapeutic agents and methods of screening for agonists and inhibitors of GPR64 are also provided. Compositions and methods for treating primary hyperparathyroidism, secondary hyperparathyroidism, hypoparathyroidism, and osteoporosis without hyperparathyroidism are also provided.